托福閱讀之插空題淺析

在托�？荚�?yán)锩妫�插空題在每一篇閱讀當(dāng)中都會有出現(xiàn)，這種題目應(yīng)該如何處理，才能更加有效呢？
我們先來看一下插空題的形式：

DESERT FORMATION
    Paragraph 7:■The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. ■The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. ■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.■
    Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.
    Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

題目要求我們選擇最好的位置，把黑體字的這一句話放到文中去。實際上這種題目考查的是什么呢？考查的是我們對文章連貫性的把握。所以，要做好這種題目，我們必須來看一下使文章變得連貫的方法：
1）在意思上保持文章前后的連貫，段落里主題一致，不東扯西扯；
2）運(yùn)用連接詞，把文章邏輯有效連接在一起；
3）利用代詞的連接，例如they, she, he, it, this, those等詞取代前面出現(xiàn)了的名詞；
4）利用冠詞a,the的使用，前者表第一次出現(xiàn)，后者為第二次出現(xiàn)或二次以上出現(xiàn)時候使用。
    而對于托福的插空題，第二點(diǎn)與第三點(diǎn)最常用。

根據(jù)以上的特點(diǎn)，我們首先需要在目標(biāo)句中找以上相關(guān)的特征并進(jìn)行推測分析。如在This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing中，前面的This economic reliance on livestock出現(xiàn)代詞this，即表明economic reliance在前面出現(xiàn)過一次，我們選的時候，肯定是要把此句接在前面提到economic reliance的信息點(diǎn)后面。

另外，我們要知道一點(diǎn)，托福閱讀里的插空題目標(biāo)句是具有承上啟下的功能的，句子前面對應(yīng)著前面的信息，句子后面對應(yīng)的是后面的信息。如本句中This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing中，句首This economic reliance on livestock對應(yīng)的是前面的economic reliance，句子后面的makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing則對應(yīng)的是后面的信息，后面的信息肯定在解釋如何使得土地受放牧的傷害或者是過渡放牧的結(jié)果。這里的economic reliance與susceptible to overgrazing都是意思連貫上關(guān)鍵詞。

了解這一點(diǎn)后，我們便可以在文章中找相對應(yīng)的特征了。在文中第一句劃線部分The raising of livestock is a major economic activity可以看出，這就是一種對牲口的經(jīng)濟(jì)依賴。后面一句——The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil——表示的是過渡放牧的后果，這一句很好的切合了目標(biāo)句的特點(diǎn)，所以我們應(yīng)當(dāng)把目標(biāo)句子插入在第二個空。
這一步完了之后，便是對答案進(jìn)行檢驗。把句子插入后，重讀一下該信息，看前后是否連貫。連貫則跳過進(jìn)入下一題；不連貫則再分析，繼續(xù)尋找答案。

例二：Paragraph 5: The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. ■Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. ■The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines." ■By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. ■Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.
11. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression.
Where would the sentence best fit?

目標(biāo)句中，出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折詞however，表示與前面信息不一致，持不同的觀點(diǎn)。句子后面impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression. 表示被抑制的沖動會持續(xù)存在并需要釋放，所以前面的相反信息應(yīng)該是有人會壓抑沖動，不令其釋放。而根據(jù)承上啟下的原則，詞句的后面肯定會討論為什么需要釋放這種沖動，以及如何釋放。在這里，前面的impulses與后面的expression便是意思連貫的關(guān)鍵詞。
    下一步是找文章相符合特征的信息，Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses.表明孩子們會壓抑沖動。而在下一句The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines.By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. 都是在解釋為什么需要釋放沖動。所以根據(jù)目標(biāo)句句首句尾內(nèi)容分析，我們要選擇B，第二個空。

總結(jié)
插空題解題步驟：
一．找特征，推測分析：
1）意思連貫（句首句尾關(guān)鍵詞，此類詞與前后對應(yīng)）
2）邏輯詞
3）代詞
4）冠詞
二．找文章相符合特征的信息
三．驗證。

作者簡介：賴曉安，男，1985年7月8日生。現(xiàn)任職新通廣東分公司。
 

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