托福閱讀之句子簡(jiǎn)化題淺析

在托福考試?yán)锩�，句子�?jiǎn)化題在每一篇閱讀當(dāng)中都會(huì)有出現(xiàn)，這種題目應(yīng)該如何處理，才能更加有效呢？
    我們先來(lái)看一下插空題的形式：
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
    Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A) Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects  large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B) Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population  growth that has spread over large areas of land.
C) The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only  if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D) Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the  vast areas affected.
從題目要求中，我們可以看出，出題者需要我們選出能夠“best expresses the essential information”的選項(xiàng)，而且給出了錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特征：Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information，不正確的選項(xiàng)改變了重要信息的意思或漏掉了重要的意思。
      那我們先來(lái)分析一下，句子中什么才是重要的信息呢？
    （一）邏輯。在一個(gè)句子中，很多東西都可以簡(jiǎn)化，但是，邏輯是不能簡(jiǎn)化掉的。如Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year. 這句話很長(zhǎng)，主要的邏輯是 Aquifer contains enough water，but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions，rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal，雖然水很多，但由于半干旱氣候原因，補(bǔ)給率很低。
      簡(jiǎn)化題邏輯分兩種：
      1）邏輯詞中的邏輯。這種主要體現(xiàn)的是因果，對(duì)比，轉(zhuǎn)折等邏輯。
      例如，The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. （因果）
The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. （轉(zhuǎn)折）
      2）表過(guò)程的邏輯。If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
      對(duì)于托福考生來(lái)說(shuō)，初期最好是能將邏輯羅列出來(lái)。
      例一：The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
      我們可以把它寫(xiě)成：  
      嚴(yán)重結(jié)果       因?yàn)椋?人/地  受影響，
                       也因?yàn)椋?難---逆轉(zhuǎn)or減緩
      邏輯列出來(lái)后，這個(gè)句子就簡(jiǎn)單了，考生可以根據(jù)這個(gè)邏輯去做題。此題的答案選擇是與上述邏輯一致的選項(xiàng)A) Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
      例二：If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
      我們可以把它寫(xiě)成：
      孔大， 水-滴狀， 太重， 張力hold不住，流走
      孔小， 水-片狀， 太輕， 張力hold住，  流不走
做題的時(shí)候，選類似的邏輯選項(xiàng)A) Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.

（二）文章強(qiáng)調(diào)的信息。這類信息是文章花較多筆墨描述的信息，或帶有轉(zhuǎn)折的信息。
         例一：Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.
         該句子重點(diǎn)信息在后面，作者著重描寫(xiě)該部分。
         例二：For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
該句子重點(diǎn)信息在后面，作者著重描寫(xiě)該部分。

了解了重要信息，做起提來(lái)就方便多了。我們?cè)谧鲱}的時(shí)候可以選擇與原文一致的選項(xiàng)，也可以通過(guò)排除法剔除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)
       錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)是:
       1）沒(méi)有提及重要信息
       2）改變重要意思，邏輯上出了問(wèn)題。
       3）增添額外信息
       例如:The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
       Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A) Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects  large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B) Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population  growth that has spread over large areas of land.
C) The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D) Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the  vast areas affected.
4）分析：A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)因果關(guān)系與原文不符，屬于改變重要意思，邏輯上出了問(wèn)題。C選項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)了原文沒(méi)有提及的信息。D選項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)了新的邏輯關(guān)系--除非否則--文中沒(méi)有提及這一點(diǎn)。所以后三個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以排除。

總結(jié)：
簡(jiǎn)化題的方法：
一）找邏輯
1) 邏輯詞
2) 過(guò)程邏輯
二）找重點(diǎn)信息
三）正、反兩反面找正確選項(xiàng)。

作者簡(jiǎn)介：賴曉安，男，1985年7月8日生�，F(xiàn)任職新通廣東分公司。
 

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