如何運(yùn)用修辭題加強(qiáng)對(duì)答案的預(yù)測(cè)性

修辭目的題是比較好做的題型，多做幾道題目就能對(duì)它的基本規(guī)律有了掌握，特別是對(duì)主旨的進(jìn)一步演繹部分的劃線，對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)應(yīng)該做到很好的預(yù)測(cè)答案。

修辭目的題關(guān)注的是劃線部分和周?chē)�主旨�?nèi)容的關(guān)系，常見(jiàn)類(lèi)型是細(xì)節(jié)，例子與所對(duì)應(yīng)主旨的關(guān)系。這樣對(duì)我們識(shí)別細(xì)節(jié)方面提出了主動(dòng)性要求：什么是例子？細(xì)節(jié)？大家注意以下幾個(gè)詞匯：

1sample；

2experiment；

3大寫(xiě)人名地名；

4as，suchas等舉例

5大范圍下的具體概念。什么是大范圍下的具體概念？籠統(tǒng)來(lái)講，全文說(shuō)children，突然提及到了3-4歲的孩子，這個(gè)3-4歲的孩子干的…事的相應(yīng)描述就是大范圍下的具體概念。且一般情況下，這些部分位于段落后面，比較好找。

修辭目的題的其中一種就是考察你能否識(shí)別問(wèn)你的部分是例子或細(xì)節(jié)，或者是對(duì)主旨的進(jìn)一步詳細(xì)描述，并且找出相關(guān)主旨，理論，要點(diǎn)部分。這個(gè)理論部分，我們的托福題目大部分是出現(xiàn)在前面的，少數(shù)后面情況：小部分由分號(hào)，so，hence，thus，代詞it，they，their（說(shuō)明前文話沒(méi)說(shuō)完）等理論指示性功能詞引出。這樣的話，我們是否更應(yīng)該對(duì)主旨的樣子有個(gè)基本感覺(jué)呢？這樣對(duì)我們識(shí)別主旨，理論方面提出了主動(dòng)性要求：大家一定注意附近相關(guān)這些詞：because，so，however，second，atthesametime（分層詞）等功能詞及其近義詞；對(duì)每篇文章來(lái)講，都有相對(duì)應(yīng)的主旨句子的樣子：分析現(xiàn)象的，主旨就是factor，perpaps，explanation，等引起的理論句子；分析事物的，就是事物各個(gè)方面概述性質(zhì)的第一次描述；分析考古的，就是理論+"什么什么發(fā)現(xiàn)"或化石的evidence等。

TPO16

Paragraph5:Dependenceonlong-distancetradealsomeantthatthegreatempiresoftheMiddleEastwerebuiltbothliterallyandfigurativelyonshiftingsand.Thecentralstate,thoughoftenveryrichandverypopulous,wasintrinsicallyfragile,sincethedevelopmentofnewinternationaltraderoutescouldunderminethemonetarybaseanderodestatepower,asoccurredwhenEuropeanseafarerscircumventedMiddleEasternmerchantsafterVascodaGama'svoyagearoundAfricainthelatefifteenthcenturyopenedupasouthernroute.Theecologyoftheregionalsopermittedarmedpredatorstoprowlthesurroundingbarrens,whichwerealmostimpossibleforastatetocontrol.Peripheralpeoplesthereforehadagreatadvantageintheirdealingswiththecenter,makinggovernmentauthorityinsecureandanxious.

12.Inparagraph5,whydoestheauthormentionthenewtraderouteopenedupbyVascodaGama'sfifteenthcenturyvoyagearoundAfrica?

○ToprovideevidencethatEuropeanseafarerstookeveryopportunitytobypassMiddleEasternmerchants

○TopresentaninstanceinwhichMiddleEasternstateslostmoneyandpowerbecauseoftheirrelianceonlong-distancetrade

○ToarguethisnewroutebecamenecessarywhenEuropeanseafarerswantedtoavoidMiddleEasternstateswhosecentralpowerhadbeguntoerode

○ToexplainhowdaGamahelpedEuropeantradersavoidthedangerouspredatorsprowlingtheareassurroundingMiddleEasterncities

考察點(diǎn)通過(guò)大寫(xiě)人名就很容易確定位置，在前面我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)詞since，我們優(yōu)先看sincethedevelopmentofnewinternationaltraderoutescouldunderminethemonetarybaseanderodestatepower

主干含義為：新國(guó)際貿(mào)易發(fā)展undermine錢(qián)和power。根據(jù)同義找答案。Undermine,分析詞根，下的，不好的，mine，開(kāi)礦，有種顛覆之感。對(duì)應(yīng)答案，找一致表達(dá)含義的答案，選B.（補(bǔ)充詞匯：undermine實(shí)際就是破壞）

TPO18

Paragraph3:Mostlightningtakesplacewithinacloudwhenthechargeseparationwithinthecloudcollapses.However,asthestormclouddevelops,thegroundbeneaththecloudbecomespositivelychargedandlightningcantakeplaceintheformofanelectricaldischargebetweenthenegativechargeofthecloudandthepositivelychargedground.Lightningthatstrikesthegroundisthemostlikelytobedestructive,soeventhoughitrepresentsonly20percentofalllightning,ithasreceivedalotofscientificattention.

7.Theauthorremarksthat"Lightningthatstrikesthegroundisthemostlikelytobedestructive"inordertoexplainwhy

○thisformoflightninghasbeeninvestigatedsomuch

○thisformoflightningisnotascommonaslightningwithinacloud

○scientificunderstandingofthisformoflightningisimportant

○thebuildupofpositivechargeonthegroundbeneathastormcloudcanhaveseriousconsequences

這個(gè)題目，按照一般思路的話，原文是"…是最有破壞性的"，后面明顯出現(xiàn)了so，作為修辭目的題，我們就要關(guān)注了。在eventhoughitrepresentsonly20percentofalllightning,ithasreceivedalotofscientificattention.在eventhough部分，我們是不看的（讓步狀不說(shuō)主要），那我們就看到了動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)：receivedscientificattention.我們預(yù)測(cè)，答案中肯定有"受到科學(xué)關(guān)注"這個(gè)含義的原詞或同義改寫(xiě)，輕松選A.

TPO25

再來(lái)個(gè)技巧點(diǎn)的:

AnotherprominentfeatureofMars'ssurfaceiscratering.TheMarinerspacecraftfoundthatthesurfaceofMars,aswellasthatofitstwomoons,ispittedwithimpactcratersformedbymeteoroidsfallinginfromspace.AsonourMoon,thesmallercratersareoftenfilledwithsurfacematter-mostlydust-confirmingthatMarsisadrydesertworld.However,Martiancratersgetfilledinconsiderablyfasterthantheirlunarcounterparts.OntheMoon,ancientcraterslessthan100metersacross(correspondingtodepthsofabout20meters)havebeenobliterated,primarilybymeteoriticerosion.OnMars,therearerelativelyfewcraterslessthan5kilometersindiameter.TheMartianatmosphereisanefficienterosiveagent,withMartianwindstransportingdustfromplacetoplaceanderasingsurfacefeaturesmuchfasterthanmeteoriticimpactsalonecanobliteratethem.

Accordingtoparagraph4,whatisdemonstratedbythefactthatcratersfillinmuchfasteronMarsthanontheMoon?

A.ErosionfrommeteoriticimpactstakesplacemorequicklyonMarsthanontheMoon.

B.ThereismoredustonMarsthanontheMoon.

C.ThesurfaceofMarsisadrydesert.

D.WindisapowerfulerodingforceonMars.

拿到題目，我們需要先去分析題干：whatisdemonstratedbythefact，就是說(shuō)通過(guò)一個(gè)事實(shí)說(shuō)明了什么問(wèn)題。既然是通過(guò)事實(shí)說(shuō)明的，必然就是例子cratersfillinmuchfasteronMars說(shuō)明了什么理論，還是找理論部分。我們的問(wèn)題部分所在位置由however引出，所以前文肯定是相反內(nèi)容，不能作為一致傾向；只能向后找：后面說(shuō)月亮直徑小于100米；火星沒(méi)有小于5公里的，就是說(shuō)它大。不管你是否讀懂了文章，先找最近的是否有這個(gè)主干；答案中沒(méi)有；那我們繼續(xù)向后看：TheMartianatmosphereisanefficienterosiveagent,withMartianwindstransportingdustfromplacetoplaceanderasingsurfacefeaturesmuchfasterthanmeteoriticimpactsalonecanobliteratethem.說(shuō)大氣腐蝕性，風(fēng)力怎么樣；剛好能對(duì)前文火星什么的被填充的快的解釋?zhuān)凰�以我們找大氣腐蝕性，風(fēng)吹dust一類(lèi)描述就對(duì)了。這樣就得選D了。