托福閱讀中因果關(guān)系在細(xì)節(jié)題中的應(yīng)用

根據(jù)TPO真題統(tǒng)計(jì)，托福閱讀中的細(xì)節(jié)題在十大題型中占了大概40%，所以掌握細(xì)節(jié)題對想要取得較大進(jìn)步的基礎(chǔ)段學(xué)生是十分重要的。而細(xì)節(jié)題考察的主要內(nèi)容是同義替換和邏輯關(guān)系，通常來說，邏輯關(guān)系作為一個(gè)框架或者信號來裝載原文和選項(xiàng)之間同義替換的內(nèi)容或者提示人們關(guān)鍵信息已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。因此，識別、會(huì)用重要的邏輯關(guān)系也可以促進(jìn)做題的效率。本文將重點(diǎn)講解因果關(guān)系在細(xì)節(jié)題中的應(yīng)用。下面，先介紹一下細(xì)節(jié)題和因果關(guān)系：

一、細(xì)節(jié)題

通常來說，細(xì)節(jié)題分為肯定型細(xì)節(jié)題（或事實(shí)信息題/細(xì)節(jié)題）和否定型細(xì)節(jié)題（或非事實(shí)信息題/排除題），它們的做題套路簡言之：找關(guān)鍵詞  回文定位  細(xì)讀匹配選項(xiàng)。

區(qū)別：

（1）肯定型細(xì)節(jié)題正確答案是原文的同義替換；

否定型細(xì)節(jié)題正確答案①與原文信息相違背，或②原文中沒有出現(xiàn)。在不知道正確答案出現(xiàn)方式的情況下，通常會(huì)用排除法來對付第②種情況

（2）關(guān)鍵詞位置：肯定型細(xì)節(jié)題通常在題目中查找；否定型細(xì)節(jié)題通常要借助選項(xiàng)匹配查找；

（3）定位范圍：肯定型細(xì)節(jié)題通常是原文中的1-2句話；否定型細(xì)節(jié)題通常定位范圍較廣，分為密集型定位和分散型定位。

二、因果關(guān)系

需要用信號詞來判定因果關(guān)系，信號詞如下：

設(shè)A = 原因，B=結(jié)果

Group1 – 引起/導(dǎo)致/所以：

A   so / so… that… / so that… / therefore / thus / hence / whereby /   consequently /    cause / motivate / determine / necessitate / support/   enable/ permit / allow /   result in / lead to / contribute to / be responsible for …… B

Group2 – 因?yàn)?為了/歸因于：

B because / since / for / as /    follow /   in that /    due to / owing to /   result from / derive from / come from / initiate from /    in response to / in order to / be attributed to / be ascribed to / be subjected to / be determined by/ take advantage of/ rely on / depend on …… A     (attribute / ascribe / subject B to A; determine B by A)

Group3 – 聯(lián)系/有關(guān)：

A/B be relevant with / be associated with / be related to / with respect to  B/A

名詞類：

原因/因素/動(dòng)機(jī)：factor, element, cause, reason; motivation, incentive, stimulation, motive, contribution ……；

結(jié)果/結(jié)論/結(jié)束/影響：result, consequence; effect, influence, impact ……

下面我們來看這個(gè)方法在兩道真題中的應(yīng)用：

1.肯定型細(xì)節(jié)題 – 選自TPO1 Passage2 第7題：

原文：

Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a people becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as anautonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

題目：

7. According to paragraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?

Emphasizing theater as entertainment 

Developing a new understanding of why events occur

Finding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical characters

Moving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written tradition

解析：可以看到題目中定位詞是rites；因果信號詞“cause”，跟著的to do結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的是abandon。由rites定位到原文第一次出現(xiàn)的地方也就是第5句，其中關(guān)機(jī)鍵對應(yīng)：

也就是說A cause B = A as a result B。A屬于原因，所以答案應(yīng)該在前一句“As a people becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change.”，匹配選項(xiàng)，其中關(guān)鍵對應(yīng)：

答案即為C選項(xiàng)

 2.否定型細(xì)節(jié)題 – 選自TPO1 Passage2 第8題：

原文：

In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B. C. , sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.

題目：

8. All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater EXCEPT

Theater allows people to face that they are afraid of.

Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.

Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.

Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.

讀題可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其中因果關(guān)系信號詞有reasons, led…to…，跟著的結(jié)果是develop theater。回文定位可以發(fā)現(xiàn)第二句用why提問已經(jīng)對應(yīng)了題目，下文回應(yīng)why的answers即為相關(guān)原因解釋。接下來又用了One具體展開原因，需要?jiǎng)佑眠x項(xiàng)匹配，其中關(guān)鍵對應(yīng)：

因此不選C；

下一句用another與one表示并列，同理，其中關(guān)鍵對應(yīng)：

 因此不選B；

最后一句用Thus表示結(jié)論，實(shí)際上里面也含原因，信號詞是permits，同理，與選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵對應(yīng)：

因此也不選A；

通過排除法，可知正確答案是D，出題方式是原文中未提及。

總之，學(xué)生如果熟悉因果關(guān)系，通�？梢源龠M(jìn)細(xì)節(jié)題正確率的提高。