托福聽力lecture直線型分析

   之前我們介紹了lecture的直線型結(jié)構(gòu)，一般是指按照時間推移、地點(diǎn)變化或者人物的出場為順序講述某一個主題。我們在聽的時候一般表示時間、地點(diǎn)和人物的詞匯是比較好識別的，所以這類的結(jié)構(gòu)層次是比較好分的一種。我們也分析了一篇按時間順序分層的一篇文章

　　今天我們以另一篇TPO12-L3為例，給大家講解一下。

　　這篇文章也是一片直線型的結(jié)構(gòu)，但是是按照地點(diǎn)的順序描述主題。

　　首先，文章一開始說道Opera was commonplace in Italy for almost a thousand years before it became commercial as a venture.也就是說Opera最早是在意大利。后面又說到And during those years, several things happened, primarily linguistic or thematic and both involving secularization.具體講到了在意大利的兩方面變化linguistic or thematic語言方面和主題方面。

　　And so in what is now Italy, operas quit being presented in Latin and started being presented in Italian.

　　And opera was no longer about teaching religion as it was about satire and about expressing the ideas of society or government without committing yourself to writing and risking imprisonment or persecution, or what have you.

　　后面具體講到了語言方面和主題方面的變化。

　　這是一開始在意大利的主要內(nèi)容，之后非常明顯有一句話承上啟下表示地點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移：Now what happened in the following century is very simple. Opera originated in Italy but was not confined to Italy any more than Italians were. And so as Italians migrated across Europe, they carried theater with them and opera specifically because it was an Italian form.

　　講到Opera起源于意大利但并不限制在意大利。What happened is that the major divide in opera that endures today took place. The French said opera ought to reflect the rhythm and cadence of dramatic literature, bearing in mind that we are talking about the golden age in French literature. And so the music was secondary,之后明顯地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到法國，并且根據(jù)首句原則我們找到主題句The French said opera ought to reflect the rhythm and cadence of dramatic literature, bearing in mind that we are talking about the golden age in French literature. And so the music was secondary。

　　之后地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移也非常明顯The English appropriated opera after the French. Opera came late to England because all theaters, public theaters were closed, of course, during their civil war. And it wasn’t until the restoration in 1660 that public theaters again opened and opera took off. The English made a major adjustment to opera and exported what they had done to opera back to Italy. Opera在英國發(fā)展的兩個特點(diǎn)：一是因?yàn)閮?nèi)戰(zhàn)較晚進(jìn)入英國，二是對Opera進(jìn)行了一系列的改造并且把Opera傳回意大利。

　　最終又簡短講到了美國的情況It came to America late and was considered too elitist for the general public. But Broadway musicals fulfilled a similar function for a great long while.

　　所以這一篇文章還是按照我們所說的直線型描述歌劇的發(fā)展。