教師解惑：雅思托福寫作學習重點解析

雅思大作文和托福的獨立寫作部分都是議論文，而且一般話題內(nèi)容是針對當下熱門的社會話題以及與學生生活和學習相關(guān)的考題。這部分的寫作會成為考生在備考中要重點學習和練習的內(nèi)容。

我們都知道，寫作的基本要素就三點：結(jié)構(gòu)+內(nèi)容+語言。對于雅思托福的初學者來說，在短期內(nèi)學會寫作結(jié)構(gòu)框架是相對比較輕松的，但是對于文章的內(nèi)容，特別是主體段的內(nèi)容擴寫還是比較有挑戰(zhàn)的。一般情況下，對同學們來說，雅思托福寫作段落擴展之困惑主要有兩點困惑：一是 有論點無論據(jù)；二則是有論據(jù)無語言。

一、重點解惑

下面讓我們一一解決這兩個困惑。

首先，關(guān)于有論點無論據(jù)：下面是一個主體段的中心句子，很多同學面對這樣的中心句子，不知道該如何擴展成一段非常說服力，非常充實的段落。

First, for high school students, excelle

nt academic grade is a prerequisite when they long for the admission of an expected university.

其次，關(guān)于有論據(jù)無語言：如下是一個托福學生寫作文章中截取的段落片段。大家可以深深的體會到：意思都看的懂，但就是覺得這個段 “不咋的”

Firstly, doing sports is good for teenagers’ body. And after they get full exercise, students won’t worry if they will get sick in the bad weather. Because of doing exercise, their body immune system is better than before and they can away from illness. Do you have same experience? That is after some exercise, you can get out of stress and bad movement, then you are easier to fall in sleep. When you wake up , you have more positive energy to start a new day study. Thus, I think sports and social activities are also important.

解決方案：了解寫作主體段段落構(gòu)成及段落擴展常用方式。

段落的構(gòu)成：

Topic sentence + supporting sentences + concluding sentence （optional）

解析：

A. 段落的第一個句子一般都是中心句，中心句一定要符合概括性和簡性原則。

B. 支持句一般都2句以上組成，可用如下幾種方法進行，也是段落擴展的主要部分。

C. 總結(jié)句可選擇性的寫。對于概況能力較弱的學生來說可省去。

段落擴展的方式：

Supporting sentences: explanation/examples/ extension/assumption/ contrast

解析：

A. 好多學生在擴展理由段的時候都是意識流的寫，想到哪兒寫到哪兒，甚至走題跟中心句子或是文章主題脫離了關(guān)系都沒感覺。

B. 另外有些學生會寫理由句（中心句），但是接下來就沒話說了，導致論證不充分，字數(shù)嚴重不夠。

因此，學好段落擴展非常重要。主要有：

1) Explanation:　中心句子較抽象時，可先對其做個解釋，也就是換句簡單的話再解說一次。有時候也總在舉例當做。

2) Example: 這個一般學生都會。寫不出論據(jù)了就example 一下，當然要跟中心主題密切相關(guān)，這樣才能convincing。

3) Extension: 當中心句可分多個情況闡述時，可用此方法（此方法包括assumption 和contrast）。具體見例文。

4) Assumption：此方法可用來“湊字數(shù)”并能達到很好的強化主題句作用。如段落中寫到廣告的好處之一是帶來很多信息。反之，假設(shè)沒有廣告，人們會面臨的問題。這就是assumption。

5) Contrast： 有點類似于assumption。不過它一般基于事實（現(xiàn)在和過去的對比、題目中2個事物的對比），不是假設(shè)。如段落里講述到現(xiàn)在有了廣告的好處是帶來信息。反之，之前沒有廣告，人們就沒有那么多信息來源。

 二、例題解析

劃橫線部分為 可參考的書面語

參考段落一

•       One of the main functions of advertising is to assist consumers to find and buy suitable products.

•       第一句： Common knowledge is that advertising refers to presenting information related to a product or service by a variety of media, such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines and brochures. (Explanation)

•       第二句： With the presence of advertising, a consumer is able to acquire the latest information in the market, such as properties of a product or service, and thereby make a wiser buying decision. (example)

•       第三句： By contrast, without advertising, a consumer is at the risk of purchasing a product that fails to meet all of his or her needs, because of insufficient knowledge of better alternatives in the market.   (contrast)

解析：本段是對廣告的一個主要功能進行具體的描述---幫助消費者找到并買到合適的產(chǎn)品。

在給出中心句子之后，作者先對中心句子里“廣告”的功能先進行具體的解釋，在解釋中包含了舉例；第二句和第三句開頭就已經(jīng)很明顯的提示讀者在“對比”—就有廣告的意義和無廣告的意義進行深入的剖析。雖僅只有三句話，但是很自然很順利的道出了中心句子的意義。

 參考段落二

First of all, the Internet brings people a sea of information in a short time. When people get on the Internet, they will find that they are overwhelmed by tons of information. （解釋中心句子）For example, they can find thousands of entries about a research topic like: the relationship between cigarette smoking and cancer” by using the search engine Google.（舉例） It is like a dream come true for most researchers or students. （對例子概括）Before such technology was invented, people had to spend days or weeks in different libraries. Now with the Internet, doing research is a piece of cake, in terms of finding information. （時間上的對比）

 參考段落三

•       To start with, television has as much coverage of knowledge as books.

•       Television nowadays has been divided into specific channels. （解釋中心句子）We have sport channel which exclusively focuses on physical activities and reports sport events; （舉例1）we can keep tracks of the latest news around the world on 24-hour news channel. （舉例2）Programs for kids have added more introductions of life skills to the naive ones; （舉例3）discovery channel bring us to explore the unknown world. （舉例4）Also, one can enjoy the lectures on live which discuss humanities like archeology, art and alike. （舉例5）To put it simply, We can freely fix on a certain television which meets our appetite most. （對例子總結(jié)）Days are gone when television shows were simply designed to amuse the public; Today's programs are more into the scientific areas that satisfy people's curiosity and have successfully imparted knowledge of all kinds to audience. （時間上的對比）

 1.有論點有論據(jù)（對上面提及的中心句子的擴展）

First, for high school students, excellent academic grade is a prerequisite when they long for the admission of an expected university. It is generally acknowledged that almost all schools require prospective students to provide desirable school grades before giving an offer. For example, I am preparing for the application of the University of Washington. Besides the TOEFL grades and the SAT scores, I have to submit my grade point average which is supposed to be over the three. For this reason, I should study hard and get good grades undoubtedly. Therefore, outstanding performances in adolescents' academic field place them in a favorable position.

 2.有論點也有語言（對上面范文的改寫）

Firstly, participating in sufficient sports guarantees better school achievement as well as sound physical well-being. It is generally acknowledged that today’s students have to confront with an increasing amount of pressure from academic performance. In fact,doing regular exercise definitely helps them release their pressure for a while and enable them to concentrate more efficiently on their study. Besides, involvement in sports tends to build up students’ immune system to keep away from daily ailments, including cold and cough. More importantly,appropriate amounts of exercise have desirable effects on our sleeping quality which fills students with full energy to complete a whole day’s task.

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