托福閱讀單詞題之解法一 邏輯比較

單詞題是托福閱讀考試中占比較高的一類題目，平均每篇文章有3-5個(gè)題目，保證單詞題的正確率才能保住托福閱讀的高分?jǐn)?shù)。今天小編愿意和大家一起分享一下單詞題的解題思路，我們先從常考邏輯關(guān)系中的比較關(guān)系開(kāi)始，看看掌握這些邏輯關(guān)系，對(duì)我們實(shí)際做題有什么幫助。我們先稍微看一下在托福閱讀當(dāng)中常見(jiàn)的能夠表示比較關(guān)系的詞語(yǔ)包括哪些，它們是：more  than， less  than， similar，as much as, likewise等。下面我們以一道例題來(lái)說(shuō)明。來(lái)看TPO3中的一道例題

Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

The word “guarantee” in the passage is closest in meaning to
Increase
Ensure
Favor
Complicate
考查的單詞是"guarantee"，如果大家不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞，我們就看一下它出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)境，考查單詞出現(xiàn)的句子中出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)很明顯的表示比較關(guān)系的邏輯詞likewise“同樣地”，這表明本句出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作應(yīng)該在前文當(dāng)中有體現(xiàn)，我們看前文，前文說(shuō)：“diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. ”“多樣性不能夠確保穩(wěn)定性”緊接著就是考查單詞的句子“同樣的，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型也表示多樣性不能怎樣穩(wěn)定性”，從前文的動(dòng)詞來(lái)看，應(yīng)該是“同樣的，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型也表示多樣性不能確保穩(wěn)定性"，所以“guarantee”應(yīng)該是確保的意思，本題選B。

原：托福閱讀單詞題之解法一 邏輯轉(zhuǎn)折---主頁(yè)編輯小薇Vivian

上篇文章中我們學(xué)到根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系中最常見(jiàn)的因果關(guān)系解答單詞題，在這期的文章中，小薇繼續(xù)和大家探討運(yùn)用邏輯關(guān)系中的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系怎樣幫助大家解題。我們還是先來(lái)復(fù)習(xí)一下常見(jiàn)的表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞，包括：although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite，whereas等。
現(xiàn)在，我們來(lái)看TPO真題當(dāng)中的一道例題：
Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
The word “attain” in the passage is closest in meaning to
require   resist   achieve   endure
考查的單詞是 “attain”，如果這個(gè)單詞你不認(rèn)識(shí)，不要著急，我們看看這個(gè)詞出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)境“ which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.”文章說(shuō)中高緯度的樹(shù)在山脊上怎樣高度，而熱帶地區(qū)的樹(shù)在山谷中長(zhǎng)得高。通過(guò) whereas一詞我們能夠知道兩個(gè)分句之間的關(guān)系是轉(zhuǎn)折，轉(zhuǎn)折的內(nèi)容是不同地區(qū)的樹(shù)成長(zhǎng)的高的地點(diǎn)不一致，地點(diǎn)的對(duì)比一個(gè)是中高緯度，一個(gè)是熱帶地區(qū)，對(duì)比的相同點(diǎn)是樹(shù)木長(zhǎng)得高，由此可知“attain greater heights=reach their greater heights”，“attain=reach”得出答案是C achieve。以上就是轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯幫助大家解答單詞題的例子，大家要好好琢磨一下，爭(zhēng)取盡快吸收哈。

 原：托福閱讀單詞題之解法一 邏輯因果

在上期的文章中，我們分析ETS在托福閱讀單詞題中常設(shè)的出題陷阱，本篇文章將向大家介紹處理單詞題的有利武器——根據(jù)邏輯辨別詞義。我們知道托福閱讀常考的邏輯包含：因果，轉(zhuǎn)折，比較，遞進(jìn)等。今天我們就從最常見(jiàn)的因果關(guān)系開(kāi)始，看看因果邏輯在解答單詞題中對(duì)我們有什么幫助。
在正式的講題之前，我們先來(lái)復(fù)習(xí)一下常見(jiàn)的表示因果關(guān)系的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞都有什么呢？對(duì)了，包括： because,thus, for, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently，as a result等。
現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)看TPO真題當(dāng)中的一道例題：Paragraph 1: In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.
The word “attributes” in the passage is closest in meaning to
Ascribes
Leaves
Limits
Contrasts
我們看到考查的單詞是"attribute"這是什么意思呢？當(dāng)大家遇到不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞的時(shí)候不要慌，回到原文當(dāng)中去看看，原文的語(yǔ)境線索能給我們提供什么幫助。原文說(shuō)：Having little understanding of natural causes,對(duì)于自然原因了解甚少，it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, 它對(duì)于想要發(fā)生和不想發(fā)生的事情和超自然的力量做了什么呢？分析原文語(yǔ)境，發(fā)現(xiàn)里面有一個(gè)單詞causes（原因），因?yàn)?quot;對(duì)于自然原因了解甚少"所以，按照行文方向應(yīng)該繼續(xù)講探索原因方面的內(nèi)容。我們來(lái)看選項(xiàng) A是“歸因于”B“留給”C“限制”D“對(duì)比”。首先我們能夠排除的是CD，然后我們來(lái)看A和B選項(xiàng)，對(duì)比之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)A選項(xiàng)切合原文，因?yàn)?quot;對(duì)于自然原因了解甚少"所以就把想要發(fā)生和不想發(fā)生的事情歸因于超自然的力量，這樣，即使在同學(xué)們不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞的情況下，也可以通過(guò)原文的線索鎖定正確單詞，而不是簡(jiǎn)單的放棄。當(dāng)然啦，我們一直提倡對(duì)于解決單詞題還是主要靠背誦托福核心單詞解決，對(duì)于單詞題的解題方法只是起到輔助作用。