托福TPO46閱讀真題解析：Passage 3

TPO，即toefl Practice Online的首寫字母，就是托福在線練習(xí)的意思，TPO可以為考生提供全真的模擬考試環(huán)境和過往真題，而TPO題庫也是有著不斷的更新。在托福閱讀的備考過程中，除了大量的閱讀之外，全面了解托福閱讀的題型和解題方法也都是非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)。而對于很多備考托福的學(xué)生來說，TPO往往就是一個首先的備考材料。今天，小編就為大家?guī)�來托福TPO46閱讀真題解析：Passage 3。

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Ecosystem Diversity and Stability

1. The word "significant" in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A direct
B important
C long-term
D surprising
答案：B

解析：significant的語境含義為”重要的“。B選項(xiàng)的important的意思是”重要的“，與語境吻合，故為正確答案。
direct 直接的。 long-term長期的。 surprising令人驚訝的。

2. According to paragraph 1, why has the extinction of species been a concern for conservation biologists? 【事實(shí)信息題】
A When ecosystems lose just one species, they undergo permanent change.
B The extinction of a particular predator species could cause an overpopulation of certain prey species.
C The loss of one or more species could cause the decline of a whole ecosystem.
D The extinction of a single species is evidence that plant-food sources are in danger of disappearing.
答案：C

解析：根據(jù)原文An ecosystem could survive the loss of some species, but if… would be severely damaged…. dramatically change an entire ecosystem.故C選項(xiàng)正確。

3. According to paragraph 1, what was the result of the removal of Pacific sea otters? 【事實(shí)信息題】
A The kelp and sea urchins were destroyed by new predators.
B The uncontrolled population of sea urchins ate most of the kelp plants.
C Without sea otters, the kelp beds soon became overgrown.
D Macroalgae remained as the primary population in the ecosystem.
答案：B

解析：根據(jù)原文信息The kelp beds were practically obliterated too because in the absence of sea otter predation, sea urchin populations exploded and consumed most of the kelp and other macroalgae.可知B選項(xiàng)正確。題干的removal對應(yīng)這里的absence。選項(xiàng)中的uncontrolled對應(yīng)這里的exploded. Ate對應(yīng)句中的consumed.

4. The word “redundancy” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A duplication
B variety
C requirements
D flexibility
答案：A

解析：redundancy的語境含義為“復(fù)制”。A選項(xiàng)的含義為“復(fù)制、副本”，與語境吻合，故為正確答案。
variety多樣性。 requirements要求。 flexibility靈活性。

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5. What is the function of paragraph 2 in the passage? 【修辭目的題】
A To present a hypothesis about ecosystem diversity and some reasons why it might be true
B To give examples of types of ecosystems that have the greatest diversity
C To contradict a previous belief about the stability of species-rich ecosystems
D To contrast species-rich and species-poor ecosystems
答案：A

解析：第二段先給出了一個hypothesis: It is usually claimed that species-rich ecosystems tend to be more stable than species-poor ecosystems. 之后對這個hypothesis為什么正確給予了三種解釋，故A選項(xiàng)正確。

6. According to paragraph 2, which of the following increases the stability of an ecosystem? 【事實(shí)信息題】
A Species in which producers outnumber predators
B New or exotic species that increase ecosystem diversity
C Heavily populated species that are free of disease
D Species that are diverse but have similar nutritional roles
答案：D

解析：根據(jù)原文First, if… greater redundancy among species in terms of their nutritional roles. Second, diverse ecosystems may be less likely to be invaded…可知D選項(xiàng)正確。

7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 【句子簡化題】
A In any ecosystem, as the number of individuals in the same species increases, the rate of disease transmission slows down.
B Ecosystems that have a small number of different species tend to be disease-free, because the species’ habitats are at a safe distance from each other.
C In ecosystems with many species, diseases spread more slowly because there are fewer individuals in a species and, as a result, the individuals are more widely scattered.
D The average distance between individuals in a species-rich ecosystem increases, so diseases are prevented from being communicated between species.
答案：C

解析：原句的邏輯為因果邏輯，因?yàn)榫渲谐霈F(xiàn)了because. 句子的核心為： diseases may spread more slowly, thus increasing distance and hampering disease transmission. C選項(xiàng)的核心與原句吻合，且邏輯關(guān)系一致，故C為正確選項(xiàng)。

8. The phrase ”compensating for" in the passage Is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A working against
B leaving out
C making up for
D spreading over
答案：C

解析：compensating for的語境含義為”彌補(bǔ)“， C選項(xiàng)的making up for意為”彌補(bǔ)“，與語境吻合，為正確選項(xiàng)。
working against 反對。 leaving out省略。 spreading over 遍布于。

9. What is the main importance of the study discussed in paragraph 3? 【修辭目的題】
A It examines the response of certain grassland plants to a drought.
B It contains an index of plants that survived well in times of drought.
C It provides scientific evidence that diversity helps to make ecosystems stable.
D It shows that ecosystems contain both resistant species and less tolerant ones.
答案：C

解析：第三段的中心句為段落最后一句：Apparently, species-rich plots were likely to contain… 段落前面主要講了相關(guān)的research，故正確答案為C。

10. Select the TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 4, are conclusions that can be drawn from the study by Tilman and Downing. To receive credit you must select TWO answer choices. 【雙選題】
A A diverse ecosystem will have species that respond differently to a variety of conditions.
B Species within a species-rich ecosystem are more likely to have competitors.
C An ecosystem is more likely to develop diverse and stable species when it is exposed to extreme conditions.
D Species with similar ecological functions will perform the function of a lost species.
答案：AD

解析：根據(jù)原文a species-rich ecosystem may be more stable because it is more likely to have species with a wide array of responses to variable conditions such as droughts. 可知，A選項(xiàng)正確。
根據(jù)原文Furthermore， a species-rich ecosystem is more likely to have species with similar ecological functions，so that if a species is lost from an ecosystem, another species, probably a competitor, is likely to flourish and occupy its functional role.可知，D選項(xiàng)正確。

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11. The word “detect” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A repeat
B alter
C find
D emphasize
答案：C

解析：detect的語境含義為“探測，發(fā)現(xiàn)。”C選項(xiàng)的意思為“發(fā)現(xiàn)”，與語境吻合，故為正確答案。
repeat重復(fù)。 alter 改變。 emphasize強(qiáng)調(diào)。

12. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about Tilman and Downing’s findings? 【事實(shí)信息題】
A General patterns of diversity and stability have been established as a result of the findings.
B Questions about the findings have been refuted by computer models.
C The findings have been tested in a broad spectrum of ecosystems with similar results.
D The findings are not sufficient to prove a definite link between diversity and stability in ecosystems.
答案：D

解析：根據(jù)原文However, its findings have been questioned…have not always fund a positive relationship between diversity and stability.可知，D選項(xiàng)正確。

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. 【句子插入題】
It seems clear that there is room for a great deal more research, although some work has been done.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
答案：A

解析：插入句的意思是：盡管一些工作已經(jīng)完成了，但似乎有余地來做更多的研究。說明插入的句子之前已經(jīng)敘述了相關(guān)work，插入句之后會談到更多的research. 插入點(diǎn)A處前面的句子說明了已經(jīng)有一些scientific evidence了，也就是已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了一些工作。插入點(diǎn)A處后面的句子中有one of the first studies說明進(jìn)行了research，所以插入A處是合適的。故正確選項(xiàng)為A。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. 【概要小結(jié)題】
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong To remove an answer choice, click on it
To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT
Biologists have long been worried about the possible effect of the extinction of species on whole ecosystems.
Answer Choices
Conservation biology studies Indicate that the loss of a single important species may bring temporary change to an ecosystem but it seldom results in lasting damage.
Ecosystems having species with similar functions but different responses to adverse conditions can survive environmental disturbances.
The Minnesota grassland study by Tilman and Downing presented evidence that the greater the diversity of species in an ecosystem, the more stable the ecosystem.
The absence of sea otter predation in a Pacific kelp bed ecosystem dramatically changed the entire ecosystem by stabilizing the total kelp population.
The findings of the Minnesota grassland study by Tilman and Downing indicated an equal number of drought-resistant and drought-tolerant plant species in species-rich plots.
More research is needed on the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem stability, though a simple explanation is unlikely.
答案：BCF

解析：A選項(xiàng)中temporary的說法與原文的would be severely damaged 的說法不一致，故該選項(xiàng)錯誤。
B選項(xiàng)的說法與第4段Both of these, variability in responses and functional redundancy, could be thought of as insurance against disturbances. 對應(yīng)， 正確。
C 選項(xiàng)與原文species-rich ecosystem may be more stable because it is more likely to have species with a wide array of responses to variable conditions such as droughts.對應(yīng)，正確。
D選項(xiàng)的dramatically changed the entire ecosystem的說法原文沒有提及，錯誤。
E選項(xiàng)的說法在文中沒有依據(jù)，錯誤。
F選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)原文Clearly, this is a complex issue that requires further field research with a broad spectrum of ecosystems and species.故該選項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。

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