托福TPO48閱讀真題解析：Passage 1

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Chinese Population Growth

托福TPO48閱讀真題解析：Passage 1  【在線咨詢】

1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 【句子簡化題】
A. Commerce, industrialization, and development are common features of the Western experience.
B. Trade, industrialization, and development accelerated social change in Western societies.
C. Trade and industrialization brought about development in Western societies.
D. In Western societies, social change provided the conditions for development in a number of areas.
答案：C

解析：劃線句子意為西方社會商業(yè)讓工業(yè)化開始，然后帶來社會各個方面的發(fā)展，對應(yīng)選項C中：Trade and industrialization brought about development in Western societies。

2. The word “attributed” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. accustomed
B. credited
C. exposed
D. transformed
答案：B

解析：attribute, 歸因于。B選項歸功于，為同義替換，所以B選項正確。

托福TPO48閱讀Passage 1 ——Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2  【在線咨詢】

Increases in population have usually been accompanied (indeed facilitated) by an increase in trade. In the Western experience, commerce provided the conditions that allowed industrialization to get started, which in turn led to growth in science, technology, industry, transport, communications, social change, and the like that we group under the broad term of “development.” However, the massive increase in population that in Europe was at first attributed to industrialization starting in the eighteenth century occurred also and at the same period in China, even though there was no comparable industrialization.

It is estimated that the Chinese population by 1600 was close to 150 million. The transition between the Ming and Qing dynasties (the seventeenth century) may have seen a decline, but from 1741 to 1851 the annual figures rose steadily and spectacularly, perhaps beginning with 143 million and ending with 432 million. If we accept these totals, we are confronted with a situation in which the Chinese population doubled in the 50 years from 1790 to 1840. If, with greater caution, we assume lower totals in the early eighteenth century and only 400 million in 1850, we still face a startling fact: something like a doubling of the vast Chinese population in the century before Western contact, foreign trade, and industrialization could have had much effect.

3. According to paragraphs 1 and 2, which of the following is true of Chinese population growth between 1741and 1851? 【事實信息題】
A. It coincided with the beginning of industrialization in China.
B. It prompted speculation about the actual number of people living in China in previous centuries.
C. It continued the steady growth in population of previous centuries.
D. It occurred in the absence of certain conditions generally associated with population growth.
答案：D

解析：原文… increase in population … Europe … industrialization … and … China, … no … industrialization，以及原文… a doubling …Chinese population … before Western contact, foreign trade, and industrialization could have had much effect，說明中國人口增長與西方接觸外貿(mào)以及工業(yè)化這些普遍因素無關(guān)，對應(yīng)選項D中：It occurred in the absence of certain conditions generally associated with population growth。

4. According to paragraph2, the estimated population of China in the mid 1700s was ? 【事實信息題】
A. 143 million
B. 150 million
C. 400 million
D. 432 million
答案：A

解析：原文… but from 1741 to 1851 … beginning with 143 million …，說明18世紀中期人口大約是1億4300萬，對應(yīng)選項A中：143 million。

托福TPO48閱讀Passage 1 ——Paragraph 3  【在線咨詢】

To explain this sudden increase we cannot point to factors constant in Chinese society but must find conditions or a combination of factors that were newly effective in this period. Among these is the almost complete internal peace maintained under Manchu rule during the eighteenth century. There was also an increase in foreign trade through Guangzhou (southern China) and some improvement of transportation within the empire. Control of disease, like the checking of smallpox by variolation may have been important. But of most critical importance was the food supply.

5. The word “constant ” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. unique
B. dominant
C. altered
D. unchanging
答案：D

解析：constant, 恒定的。D選項不變的，為同義替換，所以D選項正確。

6. Paragraph 3 supports all of the following statements about eighteenth-century Chinese society EXCEPT: 【否定事實信息題】
A. It was troubled by frequent conflicts with foreign nations.
B. It improved its transportation system.
C. It experienced growth in international commerce.
D. It managed to prevent the spread of certain diseases.
答案：A

解析：原文… an increase in foreign trade …，說明外貿(mào)增長，對應(yīng)選項C中：… growth in international commerce;原文and … improvement of transportation …，說明交通進步，對應(yīng)選項B中：It improved its transportation system;原文Control of disease … important，說明防控疾病，對應(yīng)選項D中：… prevent … diseases;

托福TPO48閱讀Passage 1 ——Paragraph 4  【在線咨詢】

Confronted with a multitude of unreliable figures, economists have compared the population records with the aggregate data for cultivated land area and grain production in the six centuries since 1368. Assuming that China’s population in 1400 was about 80 million, the economist Dwight Perkins concludes that its growth to 700 million or more in the 1960s was made possible by a steady increase in the grain supply, which evidently grew five or six times between 1400 and 1800 and rose another 50 percent between 1800 and 1965. This increase of food supply was due perhaps half to the increase of cultivated area, particularly by migration and settlement in the central and western provinces, and half to greater productivity—the farmers’ success in raising more crops per unit of land.

7. Paragraph 4 answers which of the following questions about China’s population growth between 1400 and 1965? 【組織結(jié)構(gòu)題】
A. Which figures relating to China’s population growth were unreliable?
B. Why did Dwight Perkins assume that China’s population in 1400 was about 80 million?
C. Where in China did most of the population increase take place?
D. What factors made China’s population growth between 1400 and 1965 possible?
答案：D

解析：原文… China’s population in 1400 was about 80 million, … its growth to 700 million or more in the 1960s was made possible by a steady increase in the grain supply, which evidently grew five or six times between 1400 and 1800 and rose another 50 percent between 1800 and 1965，說明人口增長的原因是糧食供應(yīng)增長，所以第四段回答了中國人口增長的因素，對應(yīng)選項D中：… factors … China’s population growth …。

8. The word “aggregate” in the passage is closest in meaning to【詞匯題】
A. available
B. reliable
C. combined
D. recorded
答案：C

解析：aggregate, 合計的。C選項加在一起的，為同義替換，所以C選項正確。

托福TPO48閱讀Passage 1 ——Paragraph 5  【在線咨詢】

This technological advance took many forms: one was the continual introduction from the south of earlier-ripening varieties of rice, which made possible double-cropping (the production of two harvests per year from one field). New crops such as corn (maize) and sweet potatoes as well as peanuts and tobacco were introduced from the Americas. Corn, for instance, can be grown on the dry soil and marginal hill land of North China, where it is used for food, fuel, and fodder and provides something like one-seventh of the food energy available in the area. The sweet potato, growing in sandy soil and providing more food energy per unit of land than other crops, became the main food of the poor in much of the South China rice area.

9. What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about the introduction of corn and sweet potatoes in China? 【推理題】
A. These crops required much more care than other crops.
B. These crops were consumed in limited quantities.
C. These crops permitted an expansion of the area used for farming.
D. These crops became available all over China within a short period of time.
答案：C

解析：原文Corn … the dry soil and marginal hill land of North China, …. The sweet potato, … sandy soil … South China rice area，說明玉米和甘薯讓許多并不肥沃的土壤也能產(chǎn)出糧食，拓寬了可種地的范圍，對應(yīng)選項C中：These crops … expansion … farming。

托福TPO48閱讀Passage 1 ——Paragraph 6  【在線咨詢】

Productivity in agriculture was also improved by capital investments, first of all in irrigation. From 1400 to 1900 the total of irrigated land seems to have increased almost three times. There was also a gain in farm tools, draft animals, and fertilizer, to say nothing of the population growth itself, which increased half again as fast as cultivated land area and so increased the ratio of human hands available per unit of land. Thus the rising population was fed by a more intensive agriculture, applying more labor and fertilizer to the land.

10. The word “ratio” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. proportion
B. availability
C. importance
D. cost
答案：A

解析：ratio, 比例。A選項比例，為同義替換，所以A選項正確。

托福TPO48閱讀Passage 1 ——Paragraph 5 and Paragraph 6  【在線咨詢】

This technological advance took many forms: one was the continual introduction from the south of earlier-ripening varieties of rice, which made possible double-cropping (the production of two harvests per year from one field). New crops such as corn (maize) and sweet potatoes as well as peanuts and tobacco were introduced from the Americas. Corn, for instance, can be grown on the dry soil and marginal hill land of North China, where it is used for food, fuel, and fodder and provides something like one-seventh of the food energy available in the area. The sweet potato, growing in sandy soil and providing more food energy per unit of land than other crops, became the main food of the poor in much of the South China rice area.

Productivity in agriculture was also improved by capital investments, first of all in irrigation. From 1400 to 1900 the total of irrigated land seems to have increased almost three times. There was also a gain in farm tools, draft animals, and fertilizer, to say nothing of the population growth itself, which increased half again as fast as cultivated land area and so increased the ratio of human hands available per unit of land. Thus the rising population was fed by a more intensive agriculture, applying more labor and fertilizer to the land.

11. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraphs 5 and 6 as one of the strategies the Chinese applied in agriculture? 【否定事實信息題】
A. The growing of two crops on the same field during the same year
B. The improvement of systems to supply crops with water
C. The application of increasing amounts of fertilizer to the land
D. The reduction in the amount of human labor per unit of land
答案：D

解析：原文… a more intensive agriculture, applying more labor and fertilizer to the land，說明勞動力和肥料都增多，說明選項D錯在：… reduction … human labor …，對應(yīng)選項C是被提到過的：…increasing…fertilizer…。原文… improved by … irrigation，說明灌溉系統(tǒng)改進了，對應(yīng)選項B是被提到過的：… improvement of systems to supply crops with water。原文… one was … earlier-ripening varieties of rice, … double-cropping (the production of two harvests per year from one field)，說明引進了一年兩熟的莊稼，對應(yīng)選項A是被提到過的：… two crops on the same field during the same year。

12. What purpose does paragraph 5 serve in the larger discussion about China’s population growth? 【組織結(jié)構(gòu)題】
A. It provides evidence of China’s emerging foreign trade relations.
B. It illustrates how the Chinese increased their food supply.
C. It provides evidence of why population growth was most noticeable in the south.
D. It shows how foreign crops gradually gained greater acceptance in China.
答案：B

解析：原文首先說中國人口增長和工業(yè)化無關(guān)，然后再逐漸揭開原因是糧食增長，然后再說糧食增長是因為科技進步投資增長，說明第五段的作用就是為了說明中國糧食是如何增長的，對應(yīng)選項B是被提到過的：… illustrates how the Chinese increased their food supply。

13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. 【句子插入題】
Other developments addressed the problems of dry and sandy areas unsuitable for growing China’s native crops.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
This technological advance took many forms: one was the continual introduction from the south of earlier-ripening varieties of rice, which made possible double-cropping (the production of two harvests per year from one field). ■ New crops such as corn (maize) and sweet potatoes as well as peanuts and tobacco were introduced from the Americas. ■Corn, for instance, can be grown on the dry soil and marginal hill land of North China, where it is used for food, fuel, and fodder and provides something like one-seventh of the food energy available in the area. ■The sweet potato, growing in sandy soil and providing more food energy per unit of land than other crops, became the main food of the poor in much of the South China rice area. ■
答案：A

解析：待插入句子意為其他進步解決了中國本土作物無法再干燥和沙化區(qū)域生長的問題，說明這句話后面要詳細展開這些發(fā)展是什么，對應(yīng)原文New crops such as corn (maize) and sweet potatoes as well as peanuts and tobacco were introduced from the Americas，所以應(yīng)該把句子放在A處。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. 【概要小結(jié)題】
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.
To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.
Over the centuries, China has experienced an extraordinary increase in its population.
Answer Choices
A. Understanding the exceptional increase in population in China requires giving up commonly held assumptions relative to the phenomenon of population growth.
B. The economist Dwight Perkins applied a particular statistical method to determine the increase in China’s population.
C. The sudden population growth in China started in its northern and southern provinces, and it spread rapidly to the central and western areas of the country.
D. Improved transportation management and enhanced disease control contributed to China’s population explosion.
E. The increase in China’s food supply, which affected population growth, was the result of technological developments in agriculture and capital investment.
F. A steady increase in foreign trade since the 1400s provided the conditions necessary for large-scale agricultural development.
答案：ADE

解析：原文首先介紹中國人口增長和工業(yè)化這樣的普遍因素無關(guān)，對應(yīng)選項A中：… increase … population in China … giving up commonly held assumptions … population growth，原文然后介紹人口增長的其他原因有交通進步和疾病控制，對應(yīng)選項D中： … transportation … and … disease control contributed to China’s population explosion，原文最后介紹人口增長的重要原因是糧食供給增長，而糧食供給增長的原因是科技進步和投資增大，對應(yīng)選項E中：The increase in China’s food supply, … population growth, … result of technological … and … investment。文章沒有提到經(jīng)濟學家應(yīng)用了某種特別的統(tǒng)計方法，選項B錯在a particular statistical method。文章沒有提到提到人口增長的地域順序，選項C錯在started in its northern and southern provinces。文章說貿(mào)易增長是西方人口增長的主要原因并不是中國的，選項F錯在increase in foreign trade。

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