SAT世界歷史備考大綱（1750-1914）

Overview around 1750 to about 1914

Big-picture concepts:

1. How are the events of this time period interconnected? The Industrial Revolution and imperialism are not only interconnected but are connected to other developments in this time period as well. Stay focused on how developments in one region of the world had an impact on developments in another. Also, stay focused on how regional developments were able to have a global impact through improvements in communication and transportation as well as through colonialism.

2. Why did nationalism grow during this time period? How did the impact of nationalism vary among different countries? Whether in the Americas, Europe, or Asia, nationalism was a huge force. It sparked rebellions, independence movements, and unification movements. It also sparked domination and colonialism.

3.  How and why does change occur? Stay focused on the complexity of social, political and economical developments, as opposed to presuming that dominant economic or political philosophies were shared universally among people in a certain country or region. Think about changes as an evolving process in which certain ideas gain momentum, while other ideas lose steam but don’t entirely die out.

4. How did the environment impact industrial and economic development? In Europe, the earliest phases of the Industrial Revolution were fueled by the resources available in England, so the resulting imperialism on a global scale was driven by the need for additional resources. Keep in mind the political and economic decisions that resulted in environmental change. At the same time, the environment impacted people. The general global cooling that began around 1500 B.C.E. put pressure on the population of Europe and contributed to great poverty and peasant revolts, especially in the northern countries.

Part One: Europe

A: Two revolutions: American and French

1. The American Revolution: French and Indian War, Seven Years’ War, George Grenville, Revenue Act and Stamp Act and Tea Act
Common Sense by Thomas Paine, Declaration of Independence
　　2. The French Revolution: Estate General, national Assembly, Declaration of the Rights of Man
　　3. A new constitution causes consternation: Convention, Jacobins
　　4. The Reign of terror: Committee of Public Safety, Maximilien Robespierre, Directory, Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleonic Codes, Waterloo, Congress of Vienna
　　5. The Congress of Vienna: balance of power

B: Lots of independence Movements: Latin America

1.  Haiti: Slave revolt sends France a Jolt: Pierre Toussaint L’ Ouverture, Jacques Dessalines
　　2. South America: Jose de San Martin
　　3. Brazil: Power to the Pedros: John VI, Pedro II
　　4. Mexico: Miguel Hidalgo, Jose Morelos, Treaty of Cordoba
　　5. The effects of the Independence: More Independence than Freedom

Part TWO: Industry and Imperialism

A. The industrial Revolution

1. Agricultural Revolution: enclosure, urbanization, industrialization
　　2. Technological Innovations: flying shuttle, spinning jenny, Eli Whitney, cotton gin, steam engine, James Watt
　　　Telegraph, Telephone, The Internal Combustion Engine, The Radio, The airplane
　　3. The factory system: efficiency, new product, big money
　　4. New economic and social philosophies: Adam Smith, the wealth of the nations, free market system, capitalism, laissez-faire capitalism, Karl Marx, socialism and communism, Luddites
　　5. Capitalism and enlightenment combine: reform: Factory Act of 1883, social Mobility, women’s suffrage movement
　　6. European Justification: social Darwinists, Rudyard Kipling and his White man’s Burden

B. European Imperialism in India: Indian Company, Robert Clive

1. The sepoy Mutiny: Bahadur shah II
　　2. Full-Blown British Colonialism: Indian National Congress

C. European Imperialism in China: Canton

1. The opium Wars: Treaty of Nanjing, Unequal Treaties
　　2. The word is out: White lotus rebellions, Self-strengthening movement, Sino-French War, Sino-Japanese War, the Treaty of Shimonoseki, open door policy
　　3. The boxer rebellion: Boxer Protocol

D. Japanese Imperialism:

1. Commodore Mattew Perry, Treaty of Kanagawa
　　2. The Meiji Restoration: Russo-Japanese War

E. European Imperialism in Africa: Slave trade
　　F. South Africa: Boer War, African National Congress
　　G. Egypt: Muhammad Ali, Abbas I, Suez Canal
　　H. The Berlin Conference

Part Three: Nationalist Movements and other developments:

A. Two unifications: Italy and Germany

1.  Italy: Victor Emmanuel II, Count Camillo Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi
　　2. Germany: William I, Otto von Bismarck, Franco-Prussian War, William II

B. Other political developments:
　　1. Russia: Emancipation Edict, Alexander II, The People’s Will, Russification, Nicholas II
　　2. Ottoman Empire: collapse
　　3. U.S. Foreign policy Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt Corollary, Panama Canal

Part Four: technology and intellectual developments

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