教師托福語法詞匯大講堂（第一課）

詞類

一、 冠詞

【概念】

冠詞是一種虛詞，用在名詞或者名詞性短語的前面，表示名詞是特指還是泛指。

冠詞可以分為定冠詞(the)和不定冠詞(a / an)。

(一) 不定冠詞(a / an)的用法

1. 第一次提及的人或物，泛指某人或某物之前

1) Once a child goes to school, they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home.

2) [一個(gè)最近的調(diào)查] conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has found that one third of the white collar workers suffer from insomnia and depression.

2. 表示一類人或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with.

A dog is a common animal.

3. 不定冠詞用在事物的“單位”前，如時(shí)間、價(jià)格等意義的名詞前，表示“每一”。

1).People are suggested to do exercises . [至少一周兩次]

2).Health experts recommend that people should drink . [一天八杯水]

4. 不定冠詞用于固定詞組中，如 quite a little, a large(good,great) amount /sum/deal of,

quite a few, a great(good,great) number of, a good many (of), a host of,

a lot of/ lots of/ plenty of a large quantity of /a series of/ a good supply of

1).Excessive intake of high fat, sugar and calories leads to a host of health problems.

2).Obesity is no longer a personal health problem, but a thorny issue inducing a series of social problems.

5. 用于序數(shù)詞前，表示“又一，再一” Can you give me a second chance?

6. 抽象名詞具體化，被具體化的名詞要加不定冠詞

a surprise a success a pleasure

7. 用于固定搭配中 once a week ; a series of; a piece of ;a wide range of

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(二) 定冠詞(the)的用法

1. 定冠詞特指，上文中已經(jīng)提到過的人或者事物，或雙方明確所指的人或物前。

1) There are many factors that contribute to child and adolescent obesity. The factors may include age, sex, genes, psychological makeup and environment.

2) In network age, the development of the library faces new challenges.

2. 定冠詞與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，表示一類人或者物。

1) [電腦] and video games contribute to children’s inactive lifestyles.

2) [吸煙者] causes damage to others through second-hand smoking.

3. 定冠詞用于表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物或者自然現(xiàn)象名詞前

the earth, the sun, the moon, the world, the South Pole, the universe, the Bible

4. 定冠詞用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)和表示方位的名詞前。

5. 用在樂器名稱前，特別是西洋樂器

但中國名族樂器和音樂名詞前不用冠詞

6. 用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻倆”

7.用在年代，朝代，時(shí)代名詞前

8. 用于江河，海洋，湖泊，海峽，山脈，群島。

9. 用在習(xí)語中all the same;all the time;at the moment;at the same time ;by the way

(三) 零冠詞用法概述

1.表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前,表示一類人或事物

Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways.

2.在季節(jié)、節(jié)日、星期、月份及三餐等名詞前

[吃早飯] ___________is a good way to start the day and may be important in achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.

3. 指職位、頭銜的詞

4. 在表示棋類或球類的名詞前

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 二、 名詞和主謂一致

(一)名詞的分類

專有名詞

普通名詞(物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，集體名詞，個(gè)體名詞)

(二)名詞的數(shù)

1. 可數(shù)名詞

一個(gè)吃素者 多個(gè)吃素者

2. 不規(guī)則的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式

stimulus-stimuli 刺激 Phenomenon-phenomena 現(xiàn)象

Basis-bases 基礎(chǔ) criterion-criteria 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

Crisis-crises 危機(jī) datum-data 資料，數(shù)據(jù)

3. 有些名詞總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)

Belongings 財(cái)產(chǎn) findings 發(fā)現(xiàn)

Savings 儲(chǔ)蓄 surroundings 環(huán)境

4. 不可數(shù)名詞分為抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞

Sugar 糖 cholesterol 膽固醇 nutrition 營養(yǎng) stroke 中風(fēng)

Insomnia 失眠 depression 沮喪 obesity 肥胖癥 pressure 壓力

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(三)名詞的格

1. 一般地說，“s”多用于有生命的東西或自然界獨(dú)一無二的某些空間和時(shí)間名詞

如：children’s health and safety, today’s white collar’s, vegetarians’ diet

2. of所有格多用于無生命的東西

如：the purpose of antibiotics, the problem of rubbish, the habit of eating meat

三、 數(shù)詞

數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞，分?jǐn)?shù)詞

【有關(guān)數(shù)詞的一些用法：】

a. in one’s +基數(shù)詞整十的復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示在某人幾十歲時(shí)

in one’s twenties 在某人20多歲時(shí)。

b. in the +基數(shù)詞整十的復(fù)數(shù)形式, 表示在幾十年代

in the early 1930s

c. 基數(shù)詞和名詞合成的形容詞作定語，其中的名詞只能是單數(shù)

Tom is an eleven-year-old boy.====Tom is eleven years old.

d. 序數(shù)詞前加a/an，表示再，又…..

shall I ask him a third time?

e. 房間號(hào)，門牌號(hào)“名詞+基數(shù)詞”

Room two o three.

f. 章節(jié)，頁數(shù)用“名詞(不加冠詞，首字母大寫)+基數(shù)詞或者the+序數(shù)詞+名詞

Charpter One/the first charpter

四、 代詞

【代詞的種類】

人稱代詞 /物主代詞/反身代詞/指示代詞/不定代詞/疑問代詞/關(guān)系代詞

五、 形容詞

(一)基本用法

形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物或人的性質(zhì)和特征。

1) Coeducation makes children more socially adaptable.

2) Many physical and psychological problems may arise in a single-sex school.

3) I am not alone in thinking that Chinese education is an exam-oriented one.

（二)形容詞名詞化

形容詞加上the 表示一類人或者表示抽象概念的物。

指人時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用 ; 指物時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用 。

1) and [年輕人和老年人] do not have the same idea about physical exercises.

2) Young children may go astray and become [無家可歸的人].

3) The good, the beautiful and the true should be distinguished from the evil, the ugly and the false

(三)復(fù)合不定代詞被形容詞修飾時(shí)，形容詞放在名詞后面

【例如】something, anything, nothing, nobody和anybody.

Youngsters should spend their pocket money on something worthy.

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(四)常用復(fù)合形容詞

1) 形容詞+名詞 Full-time 全時(shí)工作的

2) 形容詞+名詞+ed Kind hearted 好心的

3) 副詞+過去分詞 Hard-won 得來不易的

4) 名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 Peace-loving 愛好和平的

5) 名詞+過去分詞 Snow-covered 白雪覆蓋的

【高分形容詞】

Important: essential, significant, vital, crucial, profound, play a pushing role, indispensable, requisite, critical,fundamental, primary, elementary, underlying, rudimentary, basically, necessary…

Angry: annoyed, displeased, enraged, exasperated, incensed, infuriated, irate, mad (informal), livid (informal), berserk, outraged, resentful

Big: gigantic, massive colossal, enormous, immense, gargantuan, tremendous, titanic, giant, vast, large, huge, monster, bulky,

Good: marvelous, fabulous, gorgeous, spectacular, outstanding, distinguished, remarkable, superb, incredible, unbelievable, out of this world, magnificent, charming, stunning, fantastic, terrific, excellent, great, wonderful, amazing, awesome Many: numerous, myriad, infinite,

Beautiful: charming, charismatic, attractive, gorgeous, pretty, endearing, sweet, adorable, eye-catching, handsome, hot, cute, good-looking, lovable, engaging…

Clever: brilliant, knowledgeable, intellectual, intelligent, excellent, bright, smart

Happy: delightful, delectable, elated, glad, overjoyed, pleased, jubilant, merry, joyful,

Fast：swift, quick, rapid, speedy, hasty, nippy, like lightning

Hurry (v): hustle, rush, make haste, tear, step on it, dash, get a move on, step on it, scoot.

六、 副詞

(一)副詞是一種用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或者全句的詞，說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等概念。

(二)與形容詞連用，表達(dá)更精確含義。

1. Children tend to be physically and psychologically unhealthy if they are indulged in games.

2. Traditional methods may prove [有經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值的] in the future.

(三)單獨(dú)使用，放在句首，或修飾整句，或表示某一領(lǐng)域。

1. [很有趣] , cats and dogs can hardly get along well in a house.

2. [很明顯] , there are certainly dangers in taking time off at that important age.

3. [個(gè)人來看] , I think that the amount of money such sports stars make is more justified that the huge earnings of movie stars.

4. Financially, she is independent, but emotionally she is dependent.

5. Educationally speaking, taking part-time jobs during the schooling may waste students’ precious studying time.