雅思閱讀文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)

在雅思閱讀考試中，一般有六種常見(jiàn)的題型，但論題型難度，標(biāo)題配對(duì)題可以排在各題型之首。因?yàn)樵擃}型主要考查考生們對(duì)段落大致內(nèi)容的把握能力，雖然很多考生認(rèn)真讀懂全段的每一句話甚至每一個(gè)單詞，卻依然丈二和尚摸不著頭腦。實(shí)際上，這種在雅思題型中奪得難度頭魁的題型并沒(méi)有考生們所想象的那么恐怖，應(yīng)對(duì)這種題型，新通雅思培訓(xùn)中心建議考生們首先要做的就是“知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆”，也就是說(shuō)考生們首先要了解雅思閱讀文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。

由于西方人是直線式思維的，不同于中國(guó)人的螺旋式思維模式，因此雅思閱讀文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)有其明顯的特點(diǎn)，考生只要抓住這些特點(diǎn)就能輕松得出段落大意。而雅思閱讀文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)通�？梢苑譃樗姆N。

☆ 第一種：總分式結(jié)構(gòu)

如劍8 Test 4 Passage 1 Section D

Lessons all follow the same pattern. At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers comment, correct or elaborate as necessary. Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake, so that these can be avoided in future. No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared to learn from them.

After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration. Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first with the class, and then…Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a maths class. The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and …renders work sheets unnecessary. At this point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were copying well.

分析：此段屬于明顯的總分式結(jié)構(gòu)，第一句“Lessons all follow the same pattern”統(tǒng)領(lǐng)整個(gè)段落，然后分別用“At the beginning”和“After the homework has been discussed”為信號(hào)，解說(shuō)整個(gè)課堂的授課流程。但是這種總分式的段落結(jié)構(gòu)在雅思閱讀考試的文章中量不是特別大，通常占五分之一的比例。

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☆ 第二種：轉(zhuǎn)折式結(jié)構(gòu)（出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折詞或相應(yīng)表達(dá)，把思路逆轉(zhuǎn)）

如劍6 Test 2 Passage 1 Section B（出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折詞）

In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.

分析：此段屬于典型的轉(zhuǎn)折式結(jié)構(gòu)，用“However”作為信號(hào)詞，把思路逆轉(zhuǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容為本段的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。這種轉(zhuǎn)折式的段落結(jié)構(gòu)在雅思閱讀文章中偶爾出現(xiàn)，即使出現(xiàn)占的比例通常也不高，基本為五分之一左右。

如劍6 Test 4 Passage 1 Paragraph E（出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)表達(dá)把思路逆轉(zhuǎn)）
But the sales push rarely stops in the office. The flashy brochures and pamphlets left by the sales reps are often followed up with meals at expensive restaurants, meetings in warm and sunny places, and an inundation of promotional gadgets. Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that isn’t emblazoned with a drug’s name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical company’s logo. Millions of dollars are spent by pharmaceutical companies on promotional products like coffee mugs…Money well spent? It’s hard to tell. ‘I’ve been the recipient of golf balls from one company and I use them, but it doesn’t make me prescribe their medicine,’ says one doctor. ’I tend to think I’m not influenced by what they give me.’

分析：此段也屬于典型的轉(zhuǎn)折式結(jié)構(gòu)，但段落中并未出現(xiàn)明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折詞，而是用“Money well spent? It’s hard to tell.”作為信號(hào)，通過(guò)意義上的轉(zhuǎn)折，把思路逆轉(zhuǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容為本段的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。這種段落結(jié)構(gòu)雖然在雅思閱讀中極少出現(xiàn)，但是考生們不能忽略。

☆ 第三種：并列結(jié)構(gòu)（附加新的信息，即信息之間為并列關(guān)系）

如劍6 Test 4 Passage 3 Paragraph B

Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare. Victimized pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convinced of anti-social offences.

分析：此段屬于典型的并列式結(jié)構(gòu)，段落中的三句話分別用“make”、“lead to”、“be more likely to”從不同方面講解bullying對(duì)孩子的影響，屬于并列信息。這種段落結(jié)構(gòu)考生只要根據(jù)信息之間的共同點(diǎn)來(lái)歸納段落大意即可。在雅思閱讀考試中，這種段落結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)的頻率非常高，而且量也比較大，所占比例有時(shí)高達(dá)五分之四。

☆ 第四種：分總式結(jié)構(gòu)

如劍6 Test 4 Passage 1 C段

Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgment. Salespeople like Schaefer walk the line between the common practice of buying a prospect’s time with a free meal, and bribing doctors to prescribe their drugs. They work in an industry highly criticized for its sales and marketing practices, but find themselves in the middle of the age-old chicken-or-egg question – business won’t use strategies that don’t work, so are doctors to blame for the escalating extravagance of pharmaceutical marketing? Or is it the industry’s responsibility to decide the boundaries?

分析：此段屬于典型的分總式結(jié)構(gòu)，段落前面部分講了很多信息，但在后面部分用信號(hào)詞“so”做了歸納總結(jié)，而歸納總結(jié)的內(nèi)容才是本段最重要的內(nèi)容�？忌�需要注意的是由于西方人是直線式思維模式，這種段落結(jié)構(gòu)在雅思閱讀中并不是很常見(jiàn)，僅是極偶爾出現(xiàn)而已。

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他（她）們都來(lái)自新通： 　　

陳同學(xué)：雅思成績(jī)7.5分 　單項(xiàng)：聽(tīng)力9　 閱讀8　寫(xiě)作7　口語(yǔ)6.5　　

鄭同學(xué)：雅思成績(jī)7.5分 　單項(xiàng)：聽(tīng)力7.5　 閱讀8　 寫(xiě)作6.5　 口語(yǔ)7

盧同學(xué)：雅思成績(jī)7分 　單項(xiàng)：聽(tīng)力8　閱讀7　寫(xiě)作6　口語(yǔ)7

沈同學(xué)：雅思成績(jī)7分　單項(xiàng)：聽(tīng)力8　閱讀8　寫(xiě)作6　口語(yǔ)6.5