世界杯閱讀- 足球叫soccer還是football？

As you watch the 2014 FIFA World Cup over the next few weeks, you'll hear a lot of people call the sport "football."
　　未來幾周觀看世界杯的時候，你會聽到很多人管足球叫"football"。

　　

If you're American, however, there's a good chance you call it "soccer." And despite what British fans may tell you, there's a good reason you call it that. They should know — soccer is a British word.
　　但如果你是美國人，很可能你管它叫"soccer"。不管英國球迷怎么說，你這么叫其實(shí)很有道理。那些英國球迷得要知道，"soccer"其實(shí)是個英國詞。

The word "soccer" dates back to the 19th-century birth of modern football. It has a more precise meaning than the broader term "football," points out University of Michigan professor Stefan Szymanski in a new paper.
　　"soccer"這個詞可以追溯到19世紀(jì)，現(xiàn)代足球剛剛誕生的時候。密西根大學(xué)的教授西曼斯基在最新發(fā)布的研究中指出，"soccer"的詞義更為精準(zhǔn)，而"football"的詞義更寬泛。

People have been playing football-like sports for centuries, from the ancient Chinese cuju (pictured above) to the Mayan game pok ta pok, which used a rubber ball. Yet football as it's played in the World Cup was born more recently in Britain.
　　從中國古代的蹴鞠（見上圖）到瑪雅的橡膠足球“波塔波”，人們玩類似足球的運(yùn)動已經(jīng)有幾個世紀(jì)的歷史了。然而在世界杯上踢的足球卻是英國人在近代發(fā)明的。

Some types of football had long involved use of the hands — "football" originally meant an array of ball games played on foot rather than horseback, and didn't necessarily refer to kicking. In 1871, a group of clubs met in London to form the Rugby Football Union, and from then on the two versions of football were distinguished as Rugby Football and Association Football. The latter is a mouthful, especially compared to "rugby," so it clearly needed a nickname.
　　football一詞最初是指在地上而非馬背上進(jìn)行的球類運(yùn)動。在那時，"football"并不一定要靠踢的，一些"football"長期以來都用手玩。1871年，一些俱樂部在倫敦組建了橄欖球聯(lián)盟，隨后兩種不同版本的"football"被分別稱為橄欖球（rugby football）和英式足球（association football）以示區(qū)別。和前者比起來，后者的名字很拗口，需要一個昵稱。

But how did "association" become "soccer"? For one, it was common at the time in England to form slang by adding -er, like "rugger" from Rugby. Plus, as the Online Etymology Dictionary points out, "those who did it perhaps shied away from making a name out of the first three letters of Assoc."
　　但"association" 是如何演變成"soccer"的？一來在當(dāng)時的英語中通過添加-er后綴組成俚語很平常，例如橄欖球運(yùn)動員"rugger"就演變自Rugby。另外根據(jù)在線詞源詞典所指出的，“引導(dǎo)單詞變化的人，可能是為了避免單純地取源單詞‘association’ 的前三個字母。”

The popularity of football in North America required another name for association football, so Americans used the British nickname "soccer." This was still a recognized term at the time in England. The word “soccer” wasn't used widely in publications until after World War II. It then peaked in popularity among the British from 1960 to 1980, when soccer and football were used almost interchangeably.
　　在北美，由于美式橄欖球的盛行，人們需要用另一個名字來稱呼英式足球。于是人們選擇了它的英國昵稱"soccer"。"soccer"一詞在二次大戰(zhàn)前并未在出版物中廣泛使用。在1960年到1980年之間，它在英國的使用率達(dá)到高峰，幾乎可以和football一詞互換使用。

Although it's unclear why "soccer" grew more common in Britain after World War II, it may have been due to the popularity of U.S. soldiers stationed there.
　　我們尚不清楚為何二戰(zhàn)后"soccer"一詞在英國變得更普遍，但這可能是因?yàn)轳v英美軍。

In the 1980s we start to hear the argument that soccer is an American word. It is hard to think of any explanation for the decline of "soccer" in England other than the rising popularity of the word soccer in the U.S.
　　從80年代開始，我們開始聽說說法認(rèn)為"soccer"一詞是美語。除了"soccer"一詞在美國用的越來越多，我們很難想象還有其他原因能解釋為什么英國人不再用它。

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