2014年6月21日托福綜合寫作預(yù)測及范文賞析

托福綜合寫作預(yù)測一

閱讀：某個(gè)地方的洞穴Erdstall可能有三種用途

【1】儲存牲口或糧食

【2】當(dāng)shelter，躲避強(qiáng)盜attack

【3】宗教用途。靈魂等候區(qū)（為死去的人提供場所，讓他們等待超生）

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聽力里駁斥：

【1】洞會漏雨水，儲存食物不方便。在冬天Erdstall都被淹沒了，而且也沒發(fā)現(xiàn)里面有谷類殘留

【2】Erdstall太小了，只能勉強(qiáng)裝下一家人。而且存氧氣很少，只夠一個(gè)人的量。另外，只有一個(gè)入口，不太可能像為了逃跑設(shè)計(jì)的。

【3】宗教用途如果是的話，應(yīng)該所有有共同宗教信仰的村子都有，但是有的村子有，有的村子沒有。

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范文：The reading passage proposes three hypotheses regarding the functions of the Erdstall, a narrow, underground structure built in [ name of place mentioned in the reading ]. However, the lecture points to the weakness of the three hypotheses.

First, the Erdstall could have been used to keep livestock or to store food. However, the lecturer argues that the Erdstall is not rainwater-proof. Particularly in the winter, the Erdstall could have been flooded. So it is not an ideal place to store food. Furthermore, no traces of grain have been found in the Erdstall. Therefore, the storage hypothesis is unlikely.

Second, the Erdstall could be a shelter against attack or burglary. This is also not possible in the lecturer’s opinion, because, as he argues, the Erdstall is so small that it could barely accommodate one family, and the oxygen inside the Erdstall is sufficient to sustain only one person. Another obvious weakness of this hypothesis is that the Erdstall has only one entry point and does not have an exit, making it unlikely to serve as an escape route.

Finally, it is theorized that the Erdstall could have religious functions, serving as a chamber of soul for the deceased. Yet if this were true, according to the lecture, the Erdstall should have been found in every village across the whole region which shares the same religion. The fact, however, is that the Erdstall is only present in some, not all, of the villages. So the religion hypothesis is unconvincing, either.

關(guān)鍵詞：預(yù)測 托福綜合寫作 6月21日 機(jī)經(jīng)

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托福綜合寫作預(yù)測二

閱讀部分：

閱讀材料說了防止Asian carp進(jìn)入Great Lakes 的三種

方案

【1】 construct walls in Great Lakes

【2】利用electrical charged device to eliminate Asian carp.

【3】 two-step measure. First, 通過toxic chemicals 把所有的魚毒死。Second, 再引進(jìn)native species.

聽力反駁：

【1】這個(gè)對shipping有影響，cargo 要從一個(gè)船reload到另一個(gè)船上，增加了cost.

【2】這樣無法覆蓋全面，carp可以游到other side 從而進(jìn)入lake

【3】這種做法unpredictable，dangerous. 而且利用toxic hemical 之后可能會導(dǎo)致whole ecosystem發(fā)生變化，不利于魚類生長。

范文：暫無

關(guān)鍵詞：預(yù)測 托福綜合寫作 6月21日 機(jī)經(jīng)

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托福綜合寫作預(yù)測三

閱讀：鯡魚是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)魚類，然而現(xiàn)在,在某個(gè)bay，鯡魚的數(shù)量大大下降，政府建議說應(yīng)該限制鯡魚的捕撈。文章反駁說這種說法達(dá)不到效果，原因有三：

【1】政府沒有考慮到鯡魚的predator，有一種魚吃掉了很大數(shù)量的鯡魚，這才是鯡魚數(shù)量下降的主要原因，所以應(yīng)該控制鯡魚的捕食者的數(shù)量。

【2】鯡魚是livestock和poultry的主要蛋白質(zhì)來源，如果限制了捕撈，那么很多farm就得不到蛋白質(zhì)來源，從而受到影響。

【3】fishing limit還會減少很多就業(yè)崗位，很多鯡魚的捕撈者，加工者和交易商會因?yàn)轹E魚產(chǎn)業(yè)的蕭條而失去工作，這個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)提供了本地區(qū)的大多數(shù)就業(yè)機(jī)會，整個(gè)地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)會因此受到影響。

聽力里駁斥：

【1】鯡魚的predator是part of the whole ecosystem，它的存在使很多其他種類的魚的數(shù)量under control。所以更好的做法還是限制捕撈，不要disturb the balance of environment

【2】作為蛋白質(zhì)來源，鯡魚可以被soybean所替代。因?yàn)榇蠖箤τ趌ivestock 和poultry來說也是很好的蛋白質(zhì)來源并且大豆供給充足。 Farm根本不會受限制捕撈的影響。

【3】文中說經(jīng)濟(jì)會受影響真是目光短淺。 這種fishing limit只是temporary的，目的只是為了讓鯡魚數(shù)量回到正常水平，一旦回到了正常水平，漁業(yè)又可以繁榮發(fā)展起來。如果現(xiàn)在不限制捕撈，以后整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)才會真正的collapse。

范文：The population of the menhaden in the Chesapeake Bay has been declining due to overfishing, so the government has called for a ban on menhaden fishing in the area. The author of the passage is concerned that such a ban may not be the right solution, while the lecturer gives the opposite opinion, arguing that the ban is necessary and justified.

First, the reading points to the fact that the real cause of the decline in the menhaden population is not fishing, but the striped bass, a major predator of the menhaden, so rather than limiting menhaden fishing, we should reduce the population of the striped bass. However, the lecture argues that the striped bass serve as an important link in the eco-system, keeping the population of many fish species under control. We should avoid disturbing the natural balance of the ecosystem, so the best solution is still a ban on menhaden fishing.

Second, the reading suggests that the menhaden are an important source of protein for livestock and poultry. Placing a ban on menhaden fishing would negatively affect nearby farms. The lecturer, however, states that the menhaden can be replaced by soybean, which is also a very effective source of protein for livestock and poultry. Therefore, banning fishing in the Chesapeake Bay would not create any shortage of proteins necessary for farms in the nearby areas.

Finally, the author of the passage is worried that limiting menhaden fishing would lead to the loss of job opportunities for fishermen, dealers and in the processing industries, which would hamper the local economy. From the lecture, however, we learn that the ban on menhaden fishing is only a temporary policy. Once the population of the menhaden returns to normal, the ban will be lifted and fishing and other related industries will grow healthily again. On the other hand, if overfishing is not stopped, it would result in a total collapse of the local economy sooner or later.

關(guān)鍵詞：預(yù)測 托福綜合寫作 6月21日 機(jī)經(jīng)

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托福綜合寫作預(yù)測四

閱讀文章：在Rhone river 的河底，考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)bust（就是一種頭部雕塑），人們認(rèn)為這個(gè)bust是Julius Caesar的。有幾個(gè)理由：

【1】style of the sculpture: 頭像的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格正好是Caesar的那個(gè)年代的，叫“realist style”

【2】resemblance to Caesar’s other portraits : Caesar年代的silver coin上有他的頭像，和考古發(fā)現(xiàn)的這個(gè)bust非常相似，特別是頭發(fā)

【3】location of the bust found: Caser后來被推翻，所以民眾不敢在新的國王統(tǒng)治下還保留Caesar的頭像，所以就扔河里了，很說得通。

聽力部分反駁

【1】style of the sculpture: 頭像的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格正好是Caesar的那個(gè)年代的，叫“realist style”

【2】resemblance to Caesar’s other portraits：Caesar年代的silver coin上有他的頭像，和考古發(fā)現(xiàn)的這個(gè)bust非常相似，特別是頭發(fā)

【3】location of the bust found：Caser后來被推翻(overthrow)，所以民眾不敢在新的國王統(tǒng)治下還保留Caesar的頭像，所以就扔河里了，很說得通。

范文：The lecture and the reading passage both talk about a life-size marble bust, found during an archaeological excavation and retrieved from the bed of the river Rhone. While the author of the passage attributes this bust to Julius Caesar, the lecturer refutes each of the arguments presented in the reading.

First, the style of the portrait could not be used as evidence to show that this bust was that of Julius Caesar. Although the bust was made in a style very popular during Caesar’s time, this style continued to be popular many years after Caesar died. Therefore, this bust could very well have been made in a much later time for someone other than Caesar.

Second, the similarities between the bust and the portrait of Caesar on silver coins were rather limited to the hair only. In other features such as the neck and the nose, there are many obvious differences. If the bust was Caesar’s, then it should have looked the same in all features to other portraits of Caesar.

Finally, the location where the bust was found could not prove anything. Archaeological study also excavated other items from the same place including a sculpture for the God of Neptune. This indicates that people could have thrown things into the river because they have become useless rather than because of political reasons, as what the reading suggests.

關(guān)鍵詞：預(yù)測 托福綜合寫作 6月21日 機(jī)經(jīng)

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托福綜合寫作預(yù)測五

閱讀部分：

講congestion pricing。說為了緩解交通擁堵，想要在city中的某個(gè)區(qū)域收費(fèi)，這樣就能緩解一下。

【1】這樣做可以improve time(主要就是說節(jié)省時(shí)間)

【2】可以改善環(huán)境improve that area's environment

【3】收的fee可以用于revenue。 the city 可以再修路，修橋什么的

聽力反駁：

【1】這樣做有些司機(jī)不愿意花錢走這個(gè)區(qū)域就得繞路，更浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。舉了個(gè)例子：送快遞的，他們要省錢，所以送快遞的時(shí)候會變長。

【2】在收費(fèi)區(qū)里面環(huán)境可能會好點(diǎn)，但是周圍的車相對就會增多，noise and air pollution就會多。所以不是整個(gè)city都能環(huán)境變好

【3】有的人不能afford這個(gè)費(fèi)用了，就會去坐subway，政府就得出更多的錢維護(hù)subway，這樣一來收的那點(diǎn)錢可能還不夠維護(hù)的，所以也不能起到幫助修橋，修路什么的作用了。

范文：The policy of congestion pricing is enforced in some urban areas in order to alleviate traffic congestion. The reading passage explains the benefits of congestion pricing, while the lecture warns that this policy has a number of negative effects.

The reading suggests that congestion pricing reduces traffic so drivers can reach their destination in less time. However, the lecturer contends that not all people will find it time-saving. Some drivers will go round the pricing zone in order to avoid congestion surcharges. For example, delivery drivers will take a longer route to avoid this additional cost, so the delivery time is increased.

The second benefit mentioned in the reading is that congestion pricing improves urban environment. However, the lecturer points out that this may be true for areas within the charging zone because there is less traffic there. But in the surrounding areas, pollution and noise may become worse as a result of increased level of traffic that moves to those areas.

Finally, according to the reading, congestion charges are a source of city revenue which can be used by the government to improve public facilities such as roads and bridges. Yet the lecturer argues that this policy will lead some people to switch from driving to using public transportation such as the subway. This will entail an additional cost for subway maintenance, which may evenexceed the revenue from congestion pricing. Therefore the policy will not help improve roads and bridges.

關(guān)鍵詞：預(yù)測 托福綜合寫作 6月21日 機(jī)經(jīng)

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