又到一年開(kāi)學(xué)季，耶魯大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)蘇必德（Peter Salovey）開(kāi)學(xué)演講為什么火？

    【定制留學(xué)專屬規(guī)劃，提升名校入讀幾率】

又到一年開(kāi)學(xué)季，學(xué)校迎來(lái)了新鮮的血液，是時(shí)候打一波雞血了!而今年耶魯大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)蘇必德(Peter Salovey)的開(kāi)學(xué)演講，引來(lái)很多大學(xué)生們的討論，他用狐貍和刺猬的經(jīng)典故事，向2021屆新生表達(dá)了自己在求學(xué)之路上的個(gè)人看法，演講內(nèi)容犀利，發(fā)人深省!

公元前7世紀(jì)，古希臘詩(shī)人講述了一個(gè)關(guān)于狐貍和刺猬的故事，自此之后，狐貍和刺猬成為兩種對(duì)稱出現(xiàn)的學(xué)習(xí)者代表，“狐貍觀天下之事，刺猬以一事觀天下”，狐貍尋求廣泛的知識(shí)，刺猬向內(nèi)追尋世界的根本原則。

在當(dāng)今時(shí)代，我們究竟該成為什么樣的學(xué)習(xí)者?8月26日，耶魯大學(xué)第23任校長(zhǎng)，心理學(xué)教授Peter Salovey(有地道的中文名，叫蘇必德)向2021屆耶魯新生建議：Thinking Like a Fox!像狐貍一樣思考!

重點(diǎn)摘要：

* 狐貍知道很多的事，刺猬則只知道一件大事。當(dāng)受到威脅時(shí)，狐貍會(huì)隨機(jī)應(yīng)變，想出聰明的辦法去應(yīng)對(duì)這件事情。然而，當(dāng)刺猬受到威脅時(shí)，它永遠(yuǎn)只會(huì)以一種方法來(lái)對(duì)應(yīng)：就是把自己卷成一個(gè)球。狐貍機(jī)巧百出、靈活善變，而刺猬一計(jì)防御、以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變。

* 多學(xué)習(xí)不同人的思想、多考慮不同人的觀點(diǎn)。盡量都去嘗試一下，然后找出什么是最適合自己的。

* 要學(xué)會(huì)像狐貍一樣思考。

* 本杰明·富蘭克林(Benjamin Franklin)、保利·默里( Pauli Murray)和格蕾絲·霍珀(Grace Hopper)是耶魯大學(xué)狐貍式的偉人，耶魯?shù)男聦W(xué)院也因此以他們命名。

* 在耶魯，你們將以廣泛而靈活的方式開(kāi)拓思維，學(xué)會(huì)成為謹(jǐn)慎思考的人，懷疑簡(jiǎn)單的答案，并獲得知識(shí)。你們將接受磨練，學(xué)會(huì)如何有效地與他人合作。

演講正文（中英對(duì)照）

Good morning and welcome—to my colleagues here on stage, to the family members who are with us today, and most of all, to the Class of 2021! And a special shout-out to Marvin Chun, beginning his first year as the new dean of Yale College.

大家早上好!各位同事、各位家長(zhǎng)，尤其是2021屆的本科新生們，歡迎你們!也特別歡迎馬文(Marvin Chun)，我們今年新上任的耶魯本科生院院長(zhǎng)。

A few years ago, I helped a friend—a member of the Yale College Class of 1982, in fact—teach a Yale College seminar called “Great Big Ideas.” Each week, students in the seminar considered a “big idea” from a different field of study. For homework, they watched video lectures delivered by various experts and read primary sources. Then they came to class ready to debate each week’s “big idea.” By the end of the course, they had become conversant in major debates and questions in art history, political philosophy, evolutionary biology, and other fields. My friend described the educational impact of the course as “a mile wide and an inch deep.”

幾年前，我?guī)鸵晃慌笥焉线^(guò)一門耶魯本科生的討論課，名字叫做“偉大的思想”——這位朋友其實(shí)是耶魯本科1982屆的校友。

每周，上討論課的學(xué)生都會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)不同領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)，從不同領(lǐng)域理解什么是“偉大思想”。課后作業(yè)是觀看各領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业囊曨l講座，并閱讀一手文獻(xiàn)，做好發(fā)言的準(zhǔn)備。然后等到上課，大家聚在一起，就本周的“偉大思想”進(jìn)行辯論。到課程結(jié)束時(shí)，他們對(duì)許多領(lǐng)域的重大問(wèn)題和思想便有所掌握，諸如藝術(shù)史、政治哲學(xué)、進(jìn)化生物學(xué)等。

我的朋友將這門課的教學(xué)效果描述為，“寬達(dá)一里，深僅一寸”，也就是“廣泛涉獵、淺嘗輒止”。

I was thinking about Great Big Ideas over the summer. Reflecting on the goal for the course reminded me of the story of the fox and the hedgehog. Now, this is a distinction attributed to Archilochus, the seventh century B.C. Greek poet and warrior, who said, “a fox knows many things, but a hedgehog one important thing.” When threatened, the fox remains flexible, coming up with a clever way to deal with that particular matter. The hedgehog, however, responds the same way to every threat: it rolls up into a ball. The fox is wily and resilient. The hedgehog consistent but inflexible.

那年的整個(gè)夏天，我都在思考著“偉大的思想”。回想其課程目標(biāo)，讓我想起了狐貍與刺猬的故事。

這二者的區(qū)別，據(jù)說(shuō)是公元前七世紀(jì)，古希臘詩(shī)人阿爾奇洛克斯(Archilochus)提出的，他說(shuō)“狐貍知道很多的事，刺猬則只知道一件大事。”

當(dāng)受到威脅時(shí)，狐貍會(huì)隨機(jī)應(yīng)變，想出個(gè)聰明的辦法去應(yīng)對(duì)這件事情。然而，當(dāng)刺猬受到威脅時(shí)，它永遠(yuǎn)只會(huì)以一種方法來(lái)對(duì)應(yīng)：就是把自己卷成一個(gè)球。這兩種動(dòng)物，狐貍機(jī)巧百出、靈活善變，而刺猬一計(jì)防御，以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變。

The philosopher Isaiah Berlin popularized this distinction in a 1953 essay.Berlin described the hedgehog as a thinker who sees the world through a single, grand idea—a focused lens. Someone like Karl Marx or Ayn Rand might be considered a hedgehog. The fox, on the other hand, becomes knowledgeable about many different things. It draws on a multitude of ideas and experiences depending on the situation or issue at hand. Perhaps Confucius and Aristotle are best described as foxes.

哲學(xué)家以賽亞· 柏林(Isaiah Berlin)在1953年發(fā)表的一篇論文中推介科普了這一區(qū)別。他將刺猬描述為一個(gè)思想家：透過(guò)一個(gè)巨大的思想，好比一個(gè)聚焦的鏡頭，去觀察思考這個(gè)世界;卡爾·馬克思(Karl Marx)與安·蘭德(Ayn Rand)大概算是刺猬這一類。

而狐貍可謂是一部百科全書(shū)，知道許多事情，會(huì)根據(jù)眼前狀況汲取大量他人的想法和經(jīng)驗(yàn);孔子與亞里士多德可能是最好的代表。

As Berlin says, “there exists a great chasm between those, on one side, who relate everything to a single vision…a single, universal organizing principle”—the hedgehogs—and “those who pursue many ends, often unrelated and even contradictory, connected, if at all, in some de facto way.” These are the foxes.

正如柏林所說(shuō)，這兩者之間存在著顯著的差異，刺猬堅(jiān)持一種普遍原則，萬(wàn)事萬(wàn)物都用一種理念來(lái)解釋;而狐貍則從多個(gè)維度出發(fā)，抓住那些常常看似不相干甚至矛盾的線索，發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)際是有關(guān)聯(lián)的。

This dichotomy is an over-simplification, as Berlin himself recognized. I am reminded of the joke about there being two kinds of psychologists: those who believe that humanity can be divided into two types of people, and those who do not. Yet the story of the fox and the hedgehog may help you today, right now, as you consider how to approach your time at Yale.

柏林自己也意識(shí)到，這種二分法過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化了。這讓我想起一個(gè)笑話，說(shuō)有兩種心理學(xué)家，一種認(rèn)為人可以被分成兩類，另一種認(rèn)為不可以。不管怎樣，希望狐貍與刺猬的故事，能夠讓每一個(gè)在耶魯學(xué)習(xí)的人有所思考：要以何種方式度過(guò)在耶魯?shù)倪@段時(shí)光。

Your education in Yale College will expose you to some grand ideas that may seem compelling as unifying life philosophies. You will learn about and from some brilliant hedgehogs and brilliant foxes. But at this stage of your education, I want to urge you to emulate the fox. As inspired as you might be by a single idea or way of looking at the world, I suggest that you entertain many different ways of thinking and consider various points of view. Try them all on; see what fits you best.

在耶魯，你將接觸一系列偉大的思想，堪稱人生哲學(xué)。你也會(huì)從一些“偉大的刺猬”與“偉大的狐貍”身上學(xué)習(xí)到很多知識(shí)。但是在這個(gè)階段，我希望鼓勵(lì)你們多效仿狐貍。在觀察世界的過(guò)程中，你可能會(huì)對(duì)某種思想或世界觀產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的共鳴，但是我建議，你們多學(xué)習(xí)不同人的思想、多考慮不同人的觀點(diǎn)。盡量都去嘗試一下，然后找出什么是最適合自己的。

The beauty of a liberal arts education—the education Yale College offers—is that it liberates you from having to pursue a narrow, vocationally-oriented program of study. I hope you will take advantage of—and enjoy—this intellectual freedom. You will be able to choose from a wide variety of courses, learning about how people in many different fields think and understand the world. Your professors will introduce you to a panoply of ideas and ask you to think critically about all of them. You will be expected to question conventional orthodoxies rather than subscribe to a single view of the world. This work will be challenging—have no doubt—but it will also be exhilarating and, yes, liberating.

人文教育之美就在于將你從狹隘的、以職業(yè)為導(dǎo)向的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃中解放出來(lái)——這也正是耶魯本科學(xué)院所提供的教育。

我希望你們能夠好好利用以及享受這種思想自由。你們可以選擇各種課程，了解不同領(lǐng)域的人是如何思考并理解這個(gè)世界的。你們的教授會(huì)給你們介紹各種豐富有趣的觀點(diǎn)，并且要求你們進(jìn)行批判性思考。教授們更期望你們能夠?qū)σ恍┱�統(tǒng)觀念提出質(zhì)疑，而不是對(duì)某些觀點(diǎn)一味地認(rèn)同，深信不疑。

這樣的學(xué)習(xí)，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，將充滿挑戰(zhàn)，但是也解放思想、振奮人心。

There will be plenty of time later to hone your focus, to specialize and develop your expertise. Perhaps you will decide to pursue a doctorate or attend professional school. And there may even be times here at Yale when you will delve deeply into a certain topic for a paper or a project. When I received my graduate education here at Yale, for example, there were times when I had to be a hedgehog. Hedgehogs, too, have many fine qualities.

之后，你們會(huì)有很多時(shí)間去找尋自己要專攻的方向，學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)知識(shí)，培養(yǎng)個(gè)人專長(zhǎng)。也許你們將繼續(xù)深造，攻讀博士學(xué)位，也許會(huì)進(jìn)入某個(gè)專業(yè)學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)。在耶魯，也有許多可以深入研究某篇論文或是某個(gè)項(xiàng)目的機(jī)會(huì)。比如，我在耶魯讀研究生的時(shí)候，很多時(shí)候都不得不像一個(gè)刺猬。刺猬也有許多優(yōu)良的品質(zhì)。

But over the years, I have loved seeing generations of Yale College students embrace the opportunity to think broadly and study widely. You also will develop as flexible thinkers and clear communicators. These foxlike attributes will serve you well no matter what you do after graduation.

多年來(lái)，我看到了一代又一代的耶魯本科學(xué)生抓住機(jī)會(huì)，廣泛地思考與學(xué)習(xí)。你們也將鍛煉發(fā)展成為一個(gè)靈活的思考者和一個(gè)清晰的溝通者。無(wú)論你們畢業(yè)后從事什么樣的工作，這些狐貍的屬性都能夠?qū)δ銈冇兴鶐椭��?/p>

In fact, there are good reasons to believe that learning to think like a fox may pay important dividends. As many of you know, I am a psychologist. My research and teaching have been focused in the field of social psychology. And there is a social psychologist named Philip Tetlock at the University of Pennsylvania who has studied the ability of foxes versus hedgehogs—the human kind—to predict and prepare for the future. (Tetlock completed his doctoral work here in Yale’s psychology department, by the way.)

實(shí)際上，我們有理由相信像狐貍一樣學(xué)會(huì)思考有很多好處。你們大多知道，我是一個(gè)心理學(xué)家。我的研究范圍和教學(xué)領(lǐng)域都集中在社會(huì)心理學(xué)方面。

在賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)，有一位名叫菲利普·泰特洛克(Philip Tetlock)的學(xué)者，他研究了人類在中“狐貍”與“刺猬”的能力，以預(yù)測(cè)和籌備未來(lái)。(對(duì)了，泰特洛克也在耶魯心理學(xué)系完成了他的博士研究。)(《狐貍與刺猬：專家的政治判斷》)

Tetlock’s research is focused on political judgment—the accuracy with which politicians, experts, pundits, and others predict outcomes in the world and how various actions might affect those outcomes. So, for example, would a hardline foreign policy by the United States with respect to North Korea weaken Chairman Kim’s iron-clad grip on that country? Yes or no? Will President Assad’s regime in Syria fall in the next year? Yes or no?

泰特洛克的研究重點(diǎn)是政治判斷 —— 也就是評(píng)估政治家，專家和其他人對(duì)世界大勢(shì)預(yù)測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性，以及各種行為會(huì)如何影響這些結(jié)果。

比方說(shuō)，美國(guó)對(duì)朝鮮的強(qiáng)硬外交政策是否會(huì)削弱金主席(金正恩)對(duì)這個(gè)國(guó)家的鐵腕控制呢?明年，阿薩德政權(quán)是否會(huì)在敘利亞垮臺(tái)?

Tetlock studied 284 prognosticators, experts who are paid to offer answers to questions in which they must predict the future about various world events. He analyzed 82,361 probability estimates made by these individuals in response to 27,450 forecasting questions, studying as well how they came to these judgments, how they reacted when they were wrong, and whether they revised their forecasts in response to new evidence.

泰特洛克選取了284名預(yù)測(cè)者進(jìn)行了有償調(diào)研，這些專家必須對(duì)未來(lái)的各種世界事件進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。泰特洛克分析了這些人針對(duì)27,450個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)問(wèn)題做出的82,361個(gè)概率估計(jì)值，研究他們?nèi)绾巫龀鲞@些判斷，在發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤時(shí)做出如何反應(yīng)，以及他們是否會(huì)根據(jù)新的證據(jù)修改預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果。

He found that specialists in making predictions about such situations are about as accurate as you or I would be. Consider that: highly trained, well-paid experts are no more likely to be correct when predicting future events than ordinary people. Well-established talking heads are worst of all. They often stubbornly and overconfidently adhere to their original theories—the ideas most associated with them—even in the face of overwhelming evidence that they are wrong. Like hedgehogs, they stick with the point of view that made them famous and are dismissive of new information that contradicts their beliefs.

他發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些專家在這種情況下做出的預(yù)測(cè)，與你我做出的預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果是一樣的。請(qǐng)大家注意這一點(diǎn)：在預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)事件時(shí)，那些訓(xùn)練有素且高薪酬的專家，也沒(méi)有做出比普通人更為準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測(cè)。那些經(jīng)常公開(kāi)發(fā)布言論的人則更固執(zhí)。他們常常對(duì)自己之前的理論過(guò)于自信和執(zhí)拗，即使面對(duì)壓倒性的證據(jù)，他們也不愿意相信自己是錯(cuò)誤的。如同刺猬一樣，他們堅(jiān)持著讓他們成名的某種觀點(diǎn)，不屑于了解與堅(jiān)信觀點(diǎn)相悖的新信息。

However, Tetlock did find some individuals who were better at predicting the future. As he describes them, these are “thinkers who know many small things (tricks of their trade).” They “are skeptical of grand schemes,” and they are willing to “stitch…together diverse sources of information.” Perhaps most important, they are not overly confident in “their own forecasting prowess….” In other words, they are humble, critical, well-informed, and flexible thinkers; in short, they are foxes. Foxes are the best prognosticators.

但同時(shí)，泰特洛克確實(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些能夠很好地預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)的人。他將他們描述為“知道許多小事情的思想家”。他們對(duì)一些宏觀計(jì)劃保持懷疑態(tài)度，愿意將各種信息拼湊在一起�；蛟S更重要的是，他們對(duì)自己的預(yù)測(cè)能力不夠自信。

換句話說(shuō)，他們是一群謙虛、會(huì)批判性思考、消息靈通且思維靈活的思想家。簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，他們都是狐貍。狐貍就是最好的預(yù)言家。

So, what does the fox say? (I leave it to you to explain that contemporary cultural reference to your parents.) The fox says, “I want to listen carefully, engage, explore, use my natural curiosity, and perhaps—in the end—outwit the others!” Foxes don’t get information only from sources with which they agree. When confronted by contrary ideas, the fox says, “bring it on.” Foxes are resilient. And they not only respond better to challenges—they may even be able to predict what challenges they will face down the road better than their hedgehog friends.

那么，狐貍說(shuō)什么呢?(我把這個(gè)問(wèn)題留給你們，你們可以用現(xiàn)代詞語(yǔ)解釋給你們的父母。)

狐貍說(shuō)：“我想去仔細(xì)地傾聽(tīng)，去參與、去探索，充分發(fā)揮我的好奇心，最終超越別人!”狐貍不僅從他們認(rèn)同的觀點(diǎn)中獲取知識(shí)，對(duì)于一些他們不贊同的觀點(diǎn)，狐貍也會(huì)說(shuō)“帶走”。狐貍是靈活的。面對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，他們不僅可以做出更好地反應(yīng)，甚至可以預(yù)測(cè)到將來(lái)可能會(huì)遇到的困難。

All around us, we are surrounded by foxes who have shaped our lives and our world. In the last few days, some of you moved into one of Yale’s two new residential colleges, Pauli Murray or Benjamin Franklin. I am thrilled that we can offer a Yale College education to 15 percent more students in each cohort, starting this year with the Class of 2021. It is amazing how lovely and “Yale-like” the new colleges are; yes, you can still create Gothic architecture in 2017. Others of you are the first to live as freshmen in Grace Hopper College; you also are part of something new and exciting. Benjamin Franklin, Pauli Murray, and Grace Hopper—our three new college namesakes—share some common attributes. All three were curious individuals who never stopped learning new things. And all of them were exemplary foxes.

在我們周圍到處都是狐貍，他們塑造了我們現(xiàn)在的生活和世界。前幾天，你們中的一些人搬進(jìn)了耶魯今年新設(shè)立的兩所寄宿學(xué)院——保利·默里(Pauli Murray)學(xué)院和本杰明·富蘭克林(Benjamin Franklin)學(xué)院(耶魯大學(xué)針對(duì)本科生實(shí)施學(xué)院住宿制，耶魯大學(xué)的住宿學(xué)院系以其著名校友命名，目前共有15所住宿學(xué)院)。

我很高興兩所學(xué)院的設(shè)立讓更多學(xué)生來(lái)到耶魯，成為2021屆學(xué)生們的一員，一起開(kāi)啟新的學(xué)年。新學(xué)院多么可愛(ài)，多么充滿“耶魯”風(fēng);是的，即使在2017年，你們也還可以入住哥特式建筑中。

你們當(dāng)中也有人成為入住格雷斯學(xué)院(Grace Hopper College)的第一批新生。本杰明·富蘭克林(Benjamin Franklin)、保利·默里( Pauli Murray)和格蕾絲·霍珀( Grace Hopper)——我們的新學(xué)院以他們?nèi)齻�(gè)的名字命名，他們?nèi)齻�(gè)人有著共同的特征——充滿好奇心，從未停止學(xué)習(xí)新事物。 他們都是典型的狐貍。

It is probably obvious to you that Ben Franklin had a foxlike intellect, which he drew upon as an inventor, statesman, and writer. His response to seemingly insurmountable challenges? Invent something. And so Franklin, witnessing the destructive power of electricity, develops the lightening rod; has difficulty seeing both near and far in middle age and so invents bifocals; needs a source of indoor heating less smoky than a fireplace and therefore builds what we now call the Franklin stove. And I don’t even want to know what problem he was trying to solve when he invented the flexible catheter!

顯而易見(jiàn)，作為一名發(fā)明家、政治家兼作家，本·富蘭克林(Ben Franklin)有著狐貍般的才智。面對(duì)那些看似無(wú)法克服的挑戰(zhàn)，他都能發(fā)明出一些東西來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)。富蘭克林見(jiàn)證了電的破壞力，因此發(fā)明了避雷針;到中年視力受阻時(shí)，于是發(fā)明了雙光眼鏡;當(dāng)人們需要一種比壁爐更少煙熏味的室內(nèi)采暖工具時(shí)，他又發(fā)明了我們現(xiàn)在所稱的“富蘭克林爐”。我甚至已經(jīng)不想知道他在發(fā)明軟導(dǎo)管時(shí)想要解決什么問(wèn)題!

As a diplomat, Franklin’s contributions to international relations were characterized less by ideology (the hedgehog’s approach) and more by flexible statesmanship (a foxlike strategy). He gained the support of France for the cause of American independence by articulating Enlightenment ideas to an appreciative audience, endearing himself and his insights to his French counterparts. Moreover, Franklin was perfectly willing to change his mind, as evidenced by his embrace of the abolitionist cause later in his life.

作為一名外交官，富蘭克林對(duì)于國(guó)際關(guān)系的意識(shí)形態(tài)方面(刺猬的方法)貢獻(xiàn)較少，更多表現(xiàn)為一個(gè)靈活的政治家(狐貍般的策略)。他獲得了法國(guó)對(duì)美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的支持，向群眾傳播了啟蒙思想，向法國(guó)同行表達(dá)了自己的深刻見(jiàn)解。此外，富蘭克林非常愿意改變他的想法，比如他在晚年接受廢奴主義。

Two centuries hence, Pauli Murray arrived at Yale to complete a doctorate in law. By this point she was already an accomplished attorney and a civil rights pioneer. While Murray was at Yale, her friend Eleanor Roosevelt tapped her to serve on the President’s Commission on the Status of Women. It was during this time that Murray developed the novel approach of using the 14th Amendment to combat sex discrimination, doing the research to support her ideas right here in Sterling Library. Legal scholars up until that time had viewed this amendment as providing due process and equal protection under the law regardless of race, religion, or heritage, but Murray saw in it another path for the advancement of civil rights. A short time later, while working on her thesis in New Haven, Murray wrote a memorandum that helped ensure the inclusion of protections on the basis of sex in the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

兩個(gè)世紀(jì)后，保利·默里來(lái)到耶魯大學(xué)完成了法學(xué)博士學(xué)位。當(dāng)時(shí)，她已經(jīng)是一位有成就的律師和民權(quán)先鋒了。默里就讀耶魯期間，她的朋友埃莉諾·羅斯福鼓勵(lì)她擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)婦女地位委員會(huì)委員一職。

正是在那段時(shí)間，默里提出了使用第十四修正案來(lái)反對(duì)性別歧視的新方法，并在斯特林圖書(shū)館進(jìn)行深入研究以支持她的觀點(diǎn)。

那時(shí)，法律學(xué)者認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)修正案是在法律框架下為種族、宗教或傳統(tǒng)，提供正當(dāng)程序說(shuō)明和平等的保護(hù)，但在默里看來(lái)，這恰好是促進(jìn)公民權(quán)利的另一條道路。不久之后，默里在紐黑文(New Haven)撰寫(xiě)論文時(shí)，寫(xiě)了一份備忘錄，確保在1964年《民權(quán)法》中納入基于性別的保護(hù)。

Pauli Murray was many things: a poet and writer, an attorney and legal scholar, an advocate for racial justice, and one of the founders of the National Organization for Women. She never stopped learning or trying new things. At the age of 62, she entered General Theological Seminary in New York and three years later became the first African American woman to be ordained as an Episcopal priest. Throughout her life, she listened, learned, and adapted to new challenges with astonishing success.

默里有多重身份：詩(shī)人、作家、律師、法律學(xué)者、種族平等的倡導(dǎo)者以及國(guó)家婦女組織的創(chuàng)始人之一。

她從未停止學(xué)習(xí)，一直在不斷嘗試新事物。在她62歲時(shí)，她在紐約進(jìn)入了美國(guó)圣公會(huì)總會(huì)神學(xué)院，三年后，她成為第一位被任命為圣公會(huì)牧師的非裔美國(guó)婦女。她的一生，善于傾聽(tīng)、學(xué)習(xí)、適應(yīng)新的挑戰(zhàn)，最終取得了驚人的成功。

Finally, Rear Admiral Grace Hopper epitomizes the fox’s flexible intellect. She received her Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale, and after Pearl Harbor, she enlisted in the Navy, where she was assigned to work on one of the world’s first computers. Although her preparation in mathematics was important, Hopper had to think beyond what she had learned in school. Yale had not taught her to be a computer scientist—the profession didn’t even exist yet—but she had learned to think and solve problems. Hopper loved to say, “The most damaging words in the English language are, ‘It’s always been done that way.’” So, a lifelong maverick, Grace Hopper relied on her curiosity and her willingness to take risks, and in the process, she transformed the way we use computers, influencing all our lives.

最后，我們講的是有著狐貍般靈活智慧的格蕾斯·霍珀少將。她在耶魯大學(xué)獲得了數(shù)學(xué)博士學(xué)位，在珍珠港事件之后加入了海軍，被分配參與到世界上第一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)的開(kāi)發(fā)編程工作。在數(shù)學(xué)方面的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備固然重要，但霍珀不得不思考超出學(xué)校課堂所學(xué)到的內(nèi)容。耶魯沒(méi)有教她成為一名計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家，“程序員”這個(gè)職業(yè)在那時(shí)甚至不存在，但她已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了思考如何解決問(wèn)題。

霍珀常說(shuō)，“英語(yǔ)中最具破壞性的一句話就是，‘它就是這樣。’”因此，作為一個(gè)終身特立獨(dú)行的人，格蕾絲·霍珀憑借她的好奇心和喜歡冒險(xiǎn)的精神，最終改變了人類使用電腦的方式，影響了我們的生活。

Members of the Class of 2021: I am proud and delighted that you will be able to pursue an education here at Yale. Like Franklin, Murray, Hopper, and a host of other foxes, you will develop your intellect in broad and flexible ways. You will learn to be careful thinkers, suspicious of easy answers and received wisdom. You will hone these skills so you may work effectively with others and—in the words of Yale’s mission statement—“[improve] the world today and for future generations….” I know that you will experience great pleasure in becoming foxes yourselves.

2021屆的所有學(xué)生們：我為你們能在耶魯大學(xué)接受教育而感到自豪和高興。像富蘭克林、莫里、霍珀和許多其他的狐貍一樣，你們將以廣泛而靈活的方式開(kāi)拓思維，學(xué)會(huì)成為謹(jǐn)慎的思考者，用批判性思維懷疑簡(jiǎn)單的答案，并獲得知識(shí)。你們將接受磨練，學(xué)會(huì)如何有效地與他人合作。正如耶魯?shù)脑妇八�言�?ldquo;改善當(dāng)今世界和未來(lái)……”

我知道，在變成狐貍的過(guò)程中，你們會(huì)收獲巨大的幸福和成就。

Welcome to Yale!

歡迎來(lái)到耶魯!

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