托福寫作"he""she"等性別稱謂慎用

英語的性別稱謂不像漢語里面可以用“他”指代所有人，而沒有歧義。英語里面尤其在托福寫作的時候，性別稱謂怎么寫尤其重要。

1.盡量不用通性代詞he，除了明確地指代一個男性人物時，都要設法避免使用之。可以根據(jù)語境需要，選用下列替換方式：

1) 采用復數(shù)形式：

Sexist： When bathing a baby， never leave him unattended.

Revised： When bathing babies， never leave them unattended.

給嬰兒洗澡時，一定不能讓他們無人照料。

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2) 用we/us/our改寫原句：

Sexist：From each according to his abilities， to each according to his needs.

Revised：From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.

各盡所能，按需分配。

3) 改用第二人稱：

Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.

Revised: You don‘t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas， purchased something on the ! installment plan and raised an adolescent.

只有當汽車大的油用光了，按分規(guī)付款方式購物和撫養(yǎng)大一個孩子時，人的本來品性才會顯露出來。

4)改用被動語態(tài)

Sexist： One who， when he has the choice of two evils， chooses both.

Revised： One who， when given the choice of two evils, chooses both.

一個在兩種惡行之中要作出選擇就兩者都選的人。

5)完全省略代詞:

Sexist: What a person thinks of after he becomes a departee?

Revised： What a person thinks of after becoming a departee?

一個人離去后，會作何感想呢?

6)用冠詞替代：

Sexist： Can a critic give his opinion of an omelet without being asked to make one?

Revised： Can a critic give an opinion of...?

評論家議論煎蛋時難道到非要他去自己煎雞蛋嗎?

關鍵詞：性別 稱謂  

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7)用someone， one, the one， no one等替代：

Sexist： He who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it.

Revised： Someone who can take advice is sometimes superior to the one who can give it.

接受忠告者有時勝過發(fā)出忠告者。

8)使用he and she或his and her，但使用的次數(shù)不宜太多。

s/he僅可用于備忘錄(memos), 便條(notes), 或者非正式的交談之中。

9)用名詞或上下文中用過的同義詞替換：

Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye - to keep him, two.

Revised: To find a friend， one must close one eye - to keep a friend, two.

想找朋友;就得睜一只眼，閉一只眼;想留住朋友，就得雙眼都閉上。

2.盡量使用那些包括兩性在內(nèi)的詞，即無性別之分的詞(gender-free words),

例如: child， teacher， officer(警官)，people， worker, immigrant(移民),voter(投票者，選民), coach(教練)，church member(教友), sale rep(推銷員)，grand parent(外/祖父或祖母)，leader， evening student, employee (雇員)，testee(考生，應試者)，engineer，customers(顧客), dealer(交易者，商人)，clerk(職員，辦事員)，civilian(平民)，scientist, operator(接線員，辦事員)，patriot(愛國者)，person, planner(策劃者，計劃者)， politician(政客), producer(生產(chǎn)者、制造者)， tutor(家庭教師,導師，[美國]助教)，reporter，writer，chief executive(首席行政長官)，everybody, expert等.

3、如非特指男性或女性，盡量用同義詞或近義詞替換含有-girl, -woman, -wife, -man后綴的詞。

例如：

calendar girl(月份牌上的美女像)-calendar model 掛歷模特

call girl(應召女郎)--prostitute妓女

cover girl(雜志封面女郎)--cover model封面模特

flag girl(女司旗手)--flag bearer司旗手,執(zhí)旗員

flower girl(賣花女)--flower seller賣花人

housewife(家庭主婦)--house worker(家務工人)

midwife(接生婆)--birth attendant(助產(chǎn)士)

showgirl(舞女,歌女)--dancer(伴舞者)

chairman(主席)--chair, head(主席，頭頭)

ring man(賭/賽馬者)--bettor; gambler(賭馬者,賭博者)

seaman(海員，水兵)--sailor; navigator; mariner pilot, captain 水手，航海者，船員，領航員，船長

spokesman (發(fā)言人) -speaker; representative, voice; press agent 發(fā)言人，代表，

helper 得力助手，副手，助理，助手

關鍵詞：性別 稱謂  

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4.寫信時，如果不知道收信人的性別，最好不要使用傳統(tǒng)的Dear Sir; Dear Gentleman， Dear Madam. 可以選用下列之一：

1) Dear friends of the library(親愛的圖書館的朋友們)

2) Dear Madams and Sirs(親愛的女士們及先生們)

3) Dear Personnel Officer(親愛的人事處長)

4) Dear Committee Member(親愛的委員)

5) Dear Citizen(親愛的公民)

6) Dear Customer(親愛的顧客)

7) Dear Councilor(親愛的參議員，或顧問)

8) Dear Agent(親愛的代辦)

9) Dear Director(親愛的廠長或局長;主任;)

5.盡量少引用含有通性詞man; men的引語，如果非引用不可，下列處理辦法可供選擇:

1)不直接引用，把引語進行釋義

Sexist： W. Phillips said: "The best use of laws is to teach people to trample bed laws under their feet."

Revised： W. Phillips suggested that the best use of law is to teach people to trample bad ones under their feet.

W?菲利普斯說：“行使法律的最好辦法是教導人們把不好的法律踩在腳下。”

2)使用(原文如此)讓讀者意識到原文中的man使用得不大恰當。例如:

w. Phillips said： “The best used laws is to teach men to trample bad ones under their feet.”

3)對上述引語，也可只引用其中的一部分，例如：

W. Phillips said the best use of laws was to teach people "to trample bad laws under their feet”。

我們贊同Rosalie Maggio所講的話：

“It is also necessary to acknowledge that there can be no solution to the problem of sexism in society on the level of language alone. Using the word secretary inclusively, for example, does not change the fact that only 1.6% of American secretaries are men. Using director instead of directress does not mean a woman will necessarily enjoy the same opportunities today a man might.

關鍵詞：性別 稱謂  

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