全面介紹SAT閱讀修辭的種類

SAT考試成績(jī)，或和其具有同等效力的ACT考試(American College Test)成績(jī)，在申請(qǐng)美國(guó)大部分大學(xué)時(shí)都是必須提供的。修辭題是SAT閱讀中常見的考點(diǎn)。今天就為大家全面介紹一下SAT閱讀涉及到的各種類別的修辭手法，像明喻、擬人、類比、反語和雙關(guān)等修辭。大家在備考SAT閱讀的時(shí)候，可以有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)。

simile 明喻

metaphor 隱喻, 暗喻

metonymy 轉(zhuǎn)喻

personification 擬人

onomatopoeia 擬聲

analogy 類比

antithesis 對(duì)照

sarcasm 諷刺

innuendo 暗諷

irony 反語

Pun / Wordplay 雙關(guān)語

oxymoron 矛盾修飾

paradox 似非而是的論點(diǎn), 悖論

epigram 警句, 雋語

alliteration 頭韻 (在一句話中采用連續(xù)幾個(gè)詞相同首字母或聲韻的技巧)

apostrophe 頓呼(在文章或演說中用第二人稱稱呼在場(chǎng)或不在場(chǎng)的人或擬人的事物)

anti-climax / bathos 突降 (在寫作或說話中從莊重到平淡內(nèi)容的突然轉(zhuǎn)變)

climax 漸進(jìn)/頂點(diǎn) (逐層加強(qiáng)詞義的漸進(jìn)法)

syllepsis 一語雙敘

zeugma 軛式搭配

transferred Epithet 轉(zhuǎn)類形容詞

Understatement：陳述

定義：A figure of speech which contains an understatement of emphasis, and therefore the opposite of hyperbole. Often used in everyday speech and usually with laconic or ironic intentions.

這種修辭格是故意使用有節(jié)制的措辭來陳述事實(shí)，故意輕描淡寫，借低調(diào)與弱化語言形式來表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。

例子：1.I know he is honest, and I wish I could add he were capable.

我知道他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的，我還希望我能說他是能干的。

此句也是用虛擬語氣來體現(xiàn)understatement，I could add he were capable其實(shí)是在說“但他不夠能干”。

2.The face wasn’t a bad one; it had what they called charm.

面孔不算難看，有一般人所稱的嫵媚。

此句不是沖淡她的魅力，而是采用低調(diào)渲染，意即The face was sweet; her charm conquered everybody. 明似貶抑，實(shí)則褒揚(yáng).

simile:明喻

定義：A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared.

明喻是一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進(jìn)行比較.

例子：1.He is something of a political chameleon.他有點(diǎn)象政治上的變色龍

2.He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.

他看上去好像剛從我的童話故事書中走出來，像幽靈一樣從我身旁走過去。

metaphor：隱喻

定義：A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.

用一個(gè)詞來指代與該詞所指事物有相似特點(diǎn)的另外一個(gè)事物

例子：1.He has a heart of stone. 他有一顆鐵石心腸

2.The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.

鉆石部是商店的心臟和核心。

Synecdoche：提喻

定義：又稱舉隅法，主要特點(diǎn)是局部代表全體，或以全體喻指部分，或以抽象代具體，或以具體代抽象。例如：

1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.

長(zhǎng)城不僅是用石頭和土建造的，而且是用幾百萬人的血和肉建成的。

句中的“the flesh and blood”喻為“the great sacrifice”(巨大的犧牲)

2、“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...”

……他說這是世界上最美的語言。

這里用具體的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。

4、Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S. team.

很多人將眼光投向美國(guó)隊(duì)一個(gè)高高的20歲的黑姑娘。

這里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。

sarcasm:諷刺

定義：It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage ,ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked

例子：1.Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies ,but let wasps break through

法律就像是蜘蛛網(wǎng)，只能抓住小飛蟲，輕易讓大黃蜂一沖即破。

2.Behind every successful man, there is a woman. And behind every ， unsuccessful man , there are two.

每個(gè)成功男人的背后,都有一個(gè)女人. 每個(gè)不成功男人的背后, 都有兩個(gè).

rhetorical question:反問句

定義：a statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered a question to which no answer is required: used it for dramatic or emphasis effect

設(shè)立一個(gè)不需要回答的問題，以起到戲劇或者強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果

例子：1.Did you help me when I needed help?

在我需要的時(shí)候，你幫助過我嗎?

2.Did you once offer to intercede in my behalf?

你曾經(jīng)理解支持過我嗎?

Pun:雙關(guān)語

定義：The use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect.

用一個(gè)詞去暗示兩種或兩種以上的意義或引起不同的聯(lián)想，或者用兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上發(fā)音相同或相近而意義不同的詞，以產(chǎn)生一種幽默效果。)

例子：1.Mother: Your hair needs cutting badly.

Daughter: I think it needs cutting nicely, it was cut badly last time .

(badly: a. 非常; b. 壞)

2.Judge: Tell me why you parked there.

Driver: Because, Your Honor, it said “Fine for Parking”

(fine: a. 好的; b. 罰款)

oxymoron：矛盾的修辭

定義：A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined

在修辭中使用不協(xié)調(diào)或前后矛盾的方法

例子：1.The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.

教練為了對(duì)他的受訓(xùn)者仁慈就要對(duì)他們殘酷

2.She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.

她帶著含淚的微笑讀那封盼望已久的信

hyperbole：夸張

定義：A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect

通過夸張的描述達(dá)到某種修辭效果，

例子：1.My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my girl friend’s voice on the phone.

從電話里聽到我女朋友的聲音，我的心幾乎停止跳動(dòng)。

2.She gave me the impression of having more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose.

她給我的印象是：她有一口潔白整齊的大牙，為數(shù)之多已超過任何實(shí)際需要

Synesthesia：通感

定義：是指在某個(gè)感官所產(chǎn)生的感覺，轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)感官的心理感受。

例子：Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.

有些書是應(yīng)當(dāng)嘗嘗滋味的，有些書是應(yīng)吞下去的，有少數(shù)書是應(yīng)當(dāng)咀嚼和消化的。

理解：書是“嘗”不出味道的，也是不能“吃”下去將其“消化”掉的。這里把讀書中的精讀和泛讀，閱讀欣賞與吸收知識(shí)的感受，用味覺功能和消化功能來表示，心理感受是如此逼真和奇特。

rhetorical repetition：重復(fù)

定義：在特定的語境中，將相同的結(jié)構(gòu)，相同意義詞組成句子重疊使用，以增強(qiáng)語氣和力量。

例子：1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.

它必須用我們這些對(duì)于未來，對(duì)于人類以及人類自己創(chuàng)造的偉大命運(yùn)具有信心的人的鮮血和汗水去創(chuàng)造。

2、 Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.

因?yàn)閮?yōu)良的醫(yī)療技術(shù)和外科手術(shù)意味著更快地治療病人，更少痛苦，更少不安，更少死亡，更少疾病，和更少殘廢。

Metonymy：借代

定義：指兩種不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一種事物名稱代替另一種。

例子：1、Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them.

幾年以后，他們聽說拿破侖要親自來視察他們。

“word”在這里代替了“news, information”(消息、信息)

2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”. 艾爾用眼睛說，“是的”。

“說”應(yīng)該是嘴的功能，這里實(shí)際上是用眼神表達(dá)了“說話的意思”。

Onomatcpocia：擬聲

定義：是指摹仿自然界中非語言的聲音，其發(fā)音和所描寫的事物的聲音很相似，使語言顯得生動(dòng)，富有表現(xiàn)力。

例子：1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.

在學(xué)校房屋的屋頂上一些鴿子正輕輕地咕咕叫著。

2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt——sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one.

她使我接觸到所有夠得著的或者感覺得到的東西，如陽光呀，絲綢擺動(dòng)時(shí)的沙沙聲呀，昆蟲的叫聲呀，開門的吱嗄聲呀，親人的說話聲呀。

Alliteration：頭韻法

定義：在文句中有兩個(gè)以上連結(jié)在一起的詞或詞組，其開頭的音節(jié)有同樣的字母或聲音，以增強(qiáng)語言的節(jié)奏感.

例子：How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.

上面就是對(duì)SAT閱讀修辭的種類的匯總介紹，希望對(duì)大家有幫助。

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