托福閱讀常見(jiàn)考題：城市化話題如何作答?

在2014年4月27日的托福閱讀考試中出現(xiàn)了19世紀(jì)美國(guó)城市發(fā)展的文章，近幾年的托�？荚囍�，城市化話題涉及到建設(shè)、發(fā)展和特點(diǎn)，考到倫敦、芝加哥、日本、法國(guó)和中國(guó)等，但是，話題重復(fù)意味著詞匯的重復(fù)，建議學(xué)生在備考中積累學(xué)科詞匯，提升英語(yǔ)實(shí)力，以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變。那么關(guān)于城市化話題需要了解哪些背景知識(shí)?面對(duì)這樣的托�？碱}該如何作答呢?

托福閱讀真題再現(xiàn)：

版本一：

19世紀(jì)美國(guó)城市發(fā)展。全文講了幾個(gè)原因及其影響!主要有交通運(yùn)輸發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，domes什么影響

版本二：

美國(guó)的城市規(guī)劃。第二段有講到Washington DC

版本三：

關(guān)于美國(guó)的“urban planning”的政策，對(duì)人們生活的影響的好與壞

解析：

重復(fù)2011年11月26日題，涉及到美國(guó)19世紀(jì)美國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)發(fā)展的三個(gè)因素，economic, demographic和transportation，還涉及到人們進(jìn)城打工等因素，后文分別討論三種因素發(fā)揮的作用以及城市化帶來(lái)的影響，本文是原因和影響混合型文章。因果型文章結(jié)構(gòu)在托福中非常常見(jiàn)，學(xué)生在閱讀的時(shí)候重點(diǎn)要關(guān)注原因或影響是什么，以及原因是如何發(fā)揮作用，影響體現(xiàn)在什么方面等，最后一題一般都直接對(duì)應(yīng)原因或影響。

近幾年的托福考試中，城市化話題涉及到建設(shè)、發(fā)展和特點(diǎn)，考到倫敦、芝加哥、日本、法國(guó)和中國(guó)等，但是，話題重復(fù)意味著詞匯的重復(fù)，建議學(xué)生在備考中積累學(xué)科詞匯，提升英語(yǔ)實(shí)力，以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變。

托福閱讀城市化話題背景知識(shí)閱讀：

Urbanization occurs as individual, commercial, social and governmental efforts reduce time and expense in commuting and transportation and improve opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation. Living in cities permits the advantages of the opportunities of proximity, diversity, and marketplace competition. However, the advantages of urbanization are weighed against alienation issues, stress, increased daily life costs, and negative social aspects that result from mass marginalization.

Cities are known to be places where money, services, wealth and opportunities are centralized. Many rural inhabitants come to the city for reasons of seeking fortunes and social mobility. Businesses, which provide jobs and exchange capital are more concentrated in urban areas. Whether the source is trade or tourism, it is also through the ports or banking systems that foreign money flows into a country, commonly located in cities.

Economic opportunities are just one reason people move into cities, though they do not go to fully explain why urbanization rates have exploded only recently in places like China and India. Rural flight is a contributing factor to urbanization. In rural areas, often on small family farms or collective farms in villages, it has traditionally been difficult to access manufactured goods, though overall quality of life is very subjective, and may certainly surpass that of the city. Farm living has always been susceptible to unpredictable environmental conditions, and in times of drought, flood or pestilence, survival may become extremely problematic.

Cities offer a larger variety of services, such as specialist services that aren't found in rural areas. Supporting the provision of these services requires workers, resulting in more numerous and varied job opportunities. Elderly individuals may be forced to move to cities where there are doctors and hospitals that can cater for their health needs. Varied and high quality educational opportunities are another factor in urban migration, as well as the opportunity to join, develop, and seek out social communities.

Urbanization can be planned urbanization or organic. Planned urbanization, i.e.: planned community or the garden city movement, is based on an advance plan, which can be prepared for military, aesthetic, economic or urban design reasons. Examples can be seen in many ancient cities; although with exploration came the collision of nations, which meant that many invaded cities took on the desired planned characteristics of their occupiers. Many ancient organic cities experienced redevelopment for military and economic purposes, new roads carved through the cities, and new parcels of land were cordoned off serving various planned purposes giving cities distinctive geometric designs. UN agencies prefer to see urban infrastructure installed before urbanization occurs. Landscape planners are responsible for landscape infrastructure (public parks, sustainable urban drainage systems, greenways etc.)which can be planned before urbanization takes place, or afterward to revitalize an area and create greater livability
within a region. Concepts of control of the urban expansion are considered in the American Institute of Planners.

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