托�？谡Z(yǔ)需準(zhǔn)確把握句子間的關(guān)系

新托福口語(yǔ)考試中的45秒鐘的時(shí)間絕對(duì)不允許我們一次次地反復(fù)閱讀某個(gè)句子，即使碰到難懂的句子也是如此。怎么辦呢?繼續(xù)讀下去，試圖在后一句中找到理解前一句(特別是難句)的線(xiàn)索。這一線(xiàn)索就是句子與句子之間的關(guān)系。因此，準(zhǔn)確地把握句子與句子之間的關(guān)系就不失為一種能很好地提高閱讀理解的方法了。

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句子之間的關(guān)系多種多樣，常見(jiàn)的有：并列關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系和相互解釋關(guān)系。

Women could and did play a part in this process of settlement. Iceland, for instance, was uninhabited, and a permanent population could only be established if women also made the journey there. (后一句的具體事例為前一句提供說(shuō)明與解釋)

People borrowed more and more money so that they could buy these shares. Because of this, the American people started to believe that share prices could only go up further. (“because of”明顯的因果關(guān)系)

Astronomy is a science that deals with all the celestial bodies in the universe. Astronomy includes the study of planets and their satellites, comets and meteors, stars and interstellar matter, star systems and clusters. (后一句是對(duì)前一句celestial bodies 的進(jìn)一步解釋)

Previously it was believed that due to the Archaeopteryx’s (始祖鳥(niǎo)) underdeveloped anatomy, it would not have been able to fly. However, research by the London Natural History Museum into its brain developed and that it had good vision and a good sense of balance — all the requirements for a creature to be able to fly. (“However”轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比)

閱讀時(shí)，我們可以根據(jù)段落中出現(xiàn)的一些信號(hào)詞(Signal Words)來(lái)判斷句子與句子之間的關(guān)系，掌握段落發(fā)展線(xiàn)索，來(lái)調(diào)整閱讀速度，提高閱讀質(zhì)量。

1.顯示相同信息的信號(hào)詞

There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.

“likewise”這一信號(hào)詞顯示了前面所提到的idea后面還要再一次出現(xiàn)。因此，閱讀時(shí)見(jiàn)到這樣的信號(hào)詞無(wú)須放慢閱讀速度。這樣的信號(hào)詞還包括：

and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example

2.顯示思路轉(zhuǎn)折的信號(hào)詞

I’d like to go but I’m too busy.

“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向讀者顯示了作者的思路在這里有了轉(zhuǎn)折。閱讀時(shí)，碰到這樣的信號(hào)詞我們需放慢閱讀速度，以準(zhǔn)確獲取作者真正想要說(shuō)明的意思。這類(lèi)信號(hào)詞還有：

although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet

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3.顯示因果關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞

As a result of the pilots’ strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.

All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots’ strike.

所有航班被取消的原因是因?yàn)轱w行員們的罷工;飛行員們的罷工導(dǎo)致了所有的航班不得不被取消。顯示因果關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞還有：

for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently

4.顯示順序的信號(hào)詞：

Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second, the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.

抓住了這樣的信號(hào)詞就把握住了作者敘述的順序，也就分清了相對(duì)獨(dú)立的論據(jù)。這樣的信號(hào)詞包括：

first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally

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5.表示結(jié)論/總結(jié)的信號(hào)詞

In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.

詞組“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息將在這里被歸納總結(jié)。讀到帶有這樣的信號(hào)詞或短語(yǔ)的句子時(shí)，應(yīng)格外留心注意，它們往往會(huì)向我們提示相關(guān)段落的核心信息。表示結(jié)論或總結(jié)的信號(hào)詞和短語(yǔ)還有：

as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word

新托�？谡Z(yǔ)考試中的閱讀材料只是一個(gè)百十來(lái)字的段落，閱讀時(shí)我們不應(yīng)把每個(gè)句子都孤立開(kāi)來(lái)，而是要把所有的句子連成一個(gè)整體，通過(guò)準(zhǔn)確把握句子與句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)挖掘段落的核心意義。這樣才不至于出現(xiàn)讀后“不知所云”的現(xiàn)象，才會(huì)為稍后的口語(yǔ)回答問(wèn)題做好準(zhǔn)備。