托福獨(dú)立寫作策略之“論證技巧”

由于托福獨(dú)立寫作的體裁均為議論文，因此，考生必須靈活運(yùn)用多重論證技巧，最為典型的論證技巧包括： 例證法、因果論證法和拆分法，詳情如下：

1. 例證法

舉例是說服力極強(qiáng)的論證技巧。此外，應(yīng)盡量使事例具體化。如：...For instance, traffic jam fees were introduced in Singapore in 1975. Since then, Sweden, Britain, Norway, Italy, Portugal and China have followed suit... 又如：Having an intelligent partner by our side is just like receiving charcoal when the snow falls. He is competent enough to offer sincere and applicable suggestions that could drag us out of troubled waters. By making full use of our combined wisdom, problems can be solved easily. Take my cousin as an example: He has just set up his own company. At the very beginning, he was faced with a series of problems in business administration. After consulting his best friend, an MBA student in Harvard, he smoothly tackled those problems. As an old Chinese saying goes, ‘he who gets in contact with vermillion will become red’. A friend’s wisdom and accomplishments can directly influence us in positive ways. 建議考生平時(shí)廣泛搜集可作為熱點(diǎn)話題論據(jù)的各種素材，包括名人軼事、歷史事件、新聞報(bào)道、生活經(jīng)歷等等，不斷積累，并學(xué)會(huì)將其恰當(dāng)?shù)貞?yīng)用于論證過程之中。

2.因果論證法

因果論證法是深入展開討論的典型論證技巧，恰當(dāng)使用因果法，可以使段落思路連貫，邏輯明晰，論證嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)透徹。因果法論證步驟：提出論點(diǎn)→提出原因→分析條件→得出結(jié)果。如：Besides, TV is also an effective teaching tool that helps enhance learning efficiency. The large variety of education programs are specially designed to make study time more enjoyable. “Follow me,” a popular English learning program, is a perfect example. The superior visual and sound effects help leave a deeper impression on the viewers and improve their learning effectiveness. Therefore, TV does not merely serve for delight but also for education.

3.拆分法

在寫作構(gòu)思過程中，往往需要對(duì)論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行合理拆分，從不同側(cè)面展開論述，以達(dá)到論證邏輯的全面性。例如：Secondly, travelling expenditures may be cut down and much money can be saved. Regarding the accommodation on the journey, companions can share a double room in a hotel. Thus, each of them only has to pay half of the room price. The same is true with eating. It is a most popular choice for travelers to go dutch when having meals in restaurants. In this way, not only can they enjoy more dishes, but they can also spend less money than people who dine alone. In addition, on the trip, there might be the necessity to rent vehicles. Likewise, transportation costs can be shared equally between them as well.