否定事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題 快速解題有妙招

 同詞匯題一樣，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題在托福閱讀中占據(jù)了相當(dāng)大的比重。能否做好細(xì)節(jié)題在很大程度上決定了同學(xué)們的閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)檔次。然而，細(xì)細(xì)品味，托福事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的玄機(jī)并不復(fù)雜，只要掌握了其出題原理，輔以閱讀能力，答案自然呼之欲出。今天，我們來(lái)聊聊否定事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的解法。

初步了解

    否定事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題(Negative Factual Information questions)，主要考察考生能否抓住文章主要信息，排除一些與文章內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)信息的能力。其常用的出題形式為：

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passages?

The author mentions all of the followings xxx, except xx?

    在讀題時(shí)，同學(xué)們要注意問(wèn)題中的否定詞NOT和EXCEPT，以防止冤錯(cuò)。

基本思路

    否定事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的基本思路是排除，排除與原文相符的選項(xiàng)，選出的選項(xiàng)有如下特征：

    1. 無(wú)中生有的選項(xiàng)。該選項(xiàng)在原文中完全沒(méi)有提到。

    2. 與原文相矛盾的選項(xiàng)。該選項(xiàng)通常都會(huì)出現(xiàn)原文詞匯或者原文的替換詞，但是意思要么完全相反，要么張冠李戴，要么添油加醋。

具體做法

通常這類題的形式有集中列舉和分散列舉兩種。

集中列舉的形式相對(duì)較為簡(jiǎn)單，通常是選項(xiàng)連續(xù)出現(xiàn)。對(duì)于集中列舉，我們只需根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)定位原文，排除與原文相符合的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，剩下的一個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

分散列舉的各項(xiàng)可能出現(xiàn)于幾個(gè)段落之中，或分布于全文各段。對(duì)于分散列舉，我們需要根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)定位原文，通過(guò)掃讀和略讀快速對(duì)應(yīng)原文選出正確答案。

我們來(lái)看一道例題：

1 The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. 2 These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. 3 An oak tree is a good example of a competitor.  4 A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. 5 The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. 6 The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. 7 Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. 8 Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. 9 A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. 10 It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.

All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree EXCEPT

A. the capacity to create shade

B. leaves containing tannin

C. the ability to withstand mild droughts and fire

D. the large number of acorns the tree produces

該題目要求在一個(gè)段落中選出對(duì)oak tree的長(zhǎng)壽沒(méi)有幫助的選項(xiàng)，因此該題為集中列舉。以longevity作為關(guān)鍵詞，定位至本段第二句話的are long-lived。再?gòu)脑摼溟_(kāi)始閱讀，依次找出具體特征：

1. 根據(jù)第四句話的outcompeting all other would-be trees by casting a dense shade對(duì)應(yīng)至A選項(xiàng)；

2. 根據(jù)第六句話的the tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity對(duì)應(yīng)至B選項(xiàng)；

3. 根據(jù)第七句話的Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. 確定D選項(xiàng)與原文矛盾，應(yīng)選出；

4. 保險(xiǎn)起見(jiàn)，我們依舊找到第八句話的it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire對(duì)應(yīng)至C選項(xiàng)。由此，我們便可以確定D選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

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