托福寫作--句式多樣化

在托福寫作中，很多同學(xué)寫作句式比較單一，作文讀起來(lái)非常乏味，枯燥，就如同你在一天里不停地重復(fù)聆聽(tīng)同一首歌一樣。此類作文很難引起考官的注意，可想而知最后的得分是怎么樣的。例如：
Primitive men rarely left their territories. They hunted and stalked animals. They were similar to the animals . In fact, mass migrations did occur between the continents. During the migration,  man moved in a fashion just like their prey. They walk on foot, slowly. They are only in an effort to find more food and resources. However, modern technology allows man to live and travel to many places. They can go to interesting places. They like these places.
這段話看完后，是否覺(jué)得，有種想睡覺(jué)的沖動(dòng)？為什么呢？因?yàn)榫涫教�過(guò)于單調(diào)了，沒(méi)有跌宕起伏，沒(méi)有節(jié)奏感，讓人敬而遠(yuǎn)之。那么我們應(yīng)該如何把這段文字變得既高級(jí)而又富有節(jié)奏呢？

在這方面，我們必須知道在英語(yǔ)寫作里面的基本句式；通過(guò)句式的變化使得文章變得更有韻味。
英語(yǔ)的句式可以分為四種：
一．簡(jiǎn)單句（Simple Sentence）
由一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，或兩個(gè)以上的主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)，或兩個(gè)以上的謂語(yǔ)共一個(gè)主語(yǔ)， 有時(shí)由兩個(gè)以上主語(yǔ)和兩個(gè)以上謂語(yǔ)而構(gòu)成。簡(jiǎn)單句不見(jiàn)得短， 通常則用較短簡(jiǎn)單句來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)主要觀點(diǎn)、事實(shí)、結(jié)論等，或在寫作時(shí)可表示快速的動(dòng)作或激動(dòng)的情緒等。，例如：
1) Ayers Rock rises majestically on a vast, flat, sandy plain.
2) This book is the simplest one.
3) This interesting and instructive book is the simplest one for children.
4) The old captain always used a system called “dead reckoning”.
5) Yesterday morning, the great designer Lao told the employees of our company the story about his life before the war.

二．并列句
并列句（Compound Sentence）由包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子構(gòu)成；分句由并列連詞來(lái)連接（或用逗號(hào)、分號(hào)隔開(kāi)）。連詞有：and, but, or, so, yet, while, for, whereas, either...or, not only... but also, neither...nor, otherwise, or else, therefore, however, then, hence, else, consequently, nevertheless, etc. 這些連詞可將句義大致同等重要內(nèi)容按其發(fā)展順序組合成并列句。例如：
1）we love peace but we are not afraid of war.
2）Hurry up, it’s getting late.(逗號(hào)，則表示兩分句的因果關(guān)系很緊密)
3）I must be going, or I’ll be late.
4）Please bring some medical appliances here, but don’t begin to use them.

三． 主從復(fù)合句。
主從復(fù)合句（Complex Sentences）中包含兩個(gè)以上的助威結(jié)構(gòu)句子，其中次要信息及次要意義的從句在句子里充當(dāng)某一成分，故從句分類為主句從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句等。句子結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)由主句和從句構(gòu)成， 而從句通常則用從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。當(dāng)你有兩個(gè)以上的相關(guān)思想時(shí)， 若一個(gè)比另一個(gè)更重要，也就可用主從復(fù)合句；用主句表達(dá)主要意義，從句表達(dá)次要意義。
1） what you need is more practical.
2） He decided that he must be on the side of the winners.
3） When we look at a thing, we must examine its essence.
4） The order soon came that all people should leave the village.
5） The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if a effort is made.

四、并列復(fù)合句
并列復(fù)合句（Compound Complex Sentence）指并列句中包含從句，即包含兩個(gè)以上主句，至少有一個(gè)或多個(gè)從句；通常用并列連詞連接符合句而成。例如
1) He heard that the weatherman said it was going to rain, but he still insisted that we started off at once.
2) A few venomous snakes, however, can kill humans, so it is just as well that snakes are very shy and usually attack somebody only if they are disturbed and feel threatened.

認(rèn)識(shí)了這四種句式后，我們可以嘗試著把它們應(yīng)用到寫作當(dāng)中去。以前面提到的段落為例：
Primitive men rarely left their territories. They hunted and stalked animals. They were similar to the animals . In fact, mass migrations did occur between the continents. During the migration,  man moved in a fashion just like their prey. They walk on foot, slowly. They are only in an effort to find more food and resources. However, modern technology allows man to live and travel to many places. They can go to interesting places. They like these places.
前三句Primitive men rarely left their territories. They hunted and stalked animals. They were similar to the animals . 我們可以用從句來(lái)連接后兩句，變?yōu)椋簍hey were similar to the animals they hunted and stalked. 然后與第一句用分號(hào)合并，變成并列句：Primitive men rarely ever left their territories; they were similar to the animals they hunted and stalked.

第四、五、六、七句In fact, mass migrations did occur between the continents. During the migration,  man moved in a fashion just like their prey. They walk on foot, slowly. 我們可以把前兩句變成復(fù)合句In fact, when mass migrations did occur between the continents, man moved in a fashion just like their prey. 然后和第六、七句合并，用破折號(hào)來(lái)直接指出相同之處： In fact, when mass migrations did occur between the continents, man moved in a fashion just like their prey - on foot, slowly, and only in an effort to find more food and resources.

第八、九、十句 However, modern technology allows man to live and travel to many places. They can go to interesting places. They like these places.。我們可以把它第八第九句合并成 However, modern technology allows man to live and travel to many  interesting places. 再與第十句子合并However, modern technology allows man to live and travel to many  interesting places where he pleases.

修改后的段落：
Primitive men rarely ever left their territories; they were similar to the animals they hunted and
stalked. In fact, when mass migrations did occur between the continents, man moved in a fashion
just like their prey - on foot, slowly, and only in an effort to find more food and resources. However, modern technology allows man to live and travel to many  interesting places where he pleases.

所以，通過(guò)句式的變化使用，我們可以使段落句子變得更加豐富，讀起來(lái)抑揚(yáng)頓挫。在托福考試中，段落中句式的變化會(huì)為你帶來(lái)更高的分?jǐn)?shù)。

作者簡(jiǎn)介：賴曉安，男，1985年7月8日生�，F(xiàn)任職新通廣東分公司。