談?wù)勗谘潘紝懽骺荚嚾绾问褂煤迷~

詞是文章最基本的單位，恰如棋盤上的棋子，善用者可以達(dá)到以卒制帥的局面，使普通詞也能發(fā)揮出意想不到的效果。因此，要學(xué)會(huì)聰明地使用每一個(gè)知道的詞。雅思寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中就有一項(xiàng)LR(lexical resource),也就是詞匯范圍或是詞匯量。這一項(xiàng)不是考察考生能用多少高難度詞，而是考察用詞的準(zhǔn)確性和多樣性。用詞有兩個(gè)境界。首先，用詞的最高境界是做到準(zhǔn)確達(dá)意，就是要做到恰當(dāng)、符合語境。其次，再去追求多樣。多樣性包括詞性的多樣，同義詞的多樣及難易程度的多樣。因此，我們沒有必要害怕自己大詞或高難度詞寥寥無幾而丟分，能做到用詞多樣同樣可以給你掙得高分。畢竟，實(shí)踐證明，高分得主的文章大都通俗易懂，用詞簡(jiǎn)單多樣而精到。

（一）多樣用詞——詞之轉(zhuǎn)

以下就一篇8分文章的片段來看看用詞（本片段選自2005年英國(guó)大使館雅思考試樣題實(shí)考文章）：

Almost every country has its traditional costumes and dresses. Some are comfortable and some are difficult to handle. By comfortable I mean a dress being comfortable enough to be worn daily for your routine work. If we take the example of Pakistan’s traditional dress salwar-kameez, one can see that although it is a very comfortable night suit, wearing it for your office work, travelling on a motorbike, or a laborer working on a construction site, it gets quite uncomfortable and dangerous.Becouse of its design, salwar-kameez can obstruct various errands like cycling, hiking and especially after travelling, the dress becomes quite messed up and untidy. If you compare this to regular pants and T-shirts, I believe they are the best piece of clothing to be worn for many different purposes.

上面是一位考生文章的主體段，可以說是最重要的一段，但讀完以后你很難發(fā)現(xiàn)有任何所謂“大詞”或者“重量級(jí)的詞”。要非得找點(diǎn)“大詞”的話，“handle（處理，對(duì)付）”、“ routine work(日常工作)”、“. messed up and untidy（亂糟糟）”、“obstruct various errands(礙事) ”或許就是吧。作者在用詞上很“節(jié)儉”，一個(gè)comfortable備用了好幾次，先是○1Some are comfortable，然后是○2By comfortable I mean，接著是○3being comfortable enough，隨后是○4although it is a very comfortable night suit，再到后來變成了○5gets quite uncomfortable。你可以說作者詞匯匱乏，也可以說他或她善用資源，但不管怎樣人家得到了8分，我在這里借用中國(guó)偉人的話，“不管黑貓白貓，逮到老鼠就是好貓”。其實(shí)，仔細(xì)再一分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)comfortable的功能是多變的，○1是作be動(dòng)詞的表語，○5是變成否定義后作get的表語，○2是在形式上作介詞by的賓語，○3是變成了分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，○4是作定語或是修飾語。

那么，如何才能玩轉(zhuǎn)英文單詞呢？我們不妨從認(rèn)識(shí)詞匯開始。詞從詞性上主要分為動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞，連詞，代詞，還有動(dòng)名詞（由動(dòng)詞加ing變來，兼有動(dòng)詞和名詞 的性質(zhì)）。英語中同一個(gè)詞往往具有好幾種詞性，在句子中充當(dāng)不同的作用，體現(xiàn)著不同的含義。不管怎樣，我們必清楚詞的功能是不同的：

1. 名詞和動(dòng)名詞——主要充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語
Company uniforms help to promote sense of teamwork.公司的制服有助于加強(qiáng)團(tuán)隊(duì)意識(shí)。（company充當(dāng)定語，即修飾語，uniforms是句子的主語。）

Learning a foreign language is of great significance to children.學(xué)習(xí)一門外語對(duì)孩子們是非常重要的。（learning a foreign language 動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)做主語，而a foreign language在邏輯上有充當(dāng)learning的賓語。）
  注意：相當(dāng)多的考生會(huì)寫成Learn a foreign language is very important.動(dòng)詞原形是不能作主語的，當(dāng)然，可以用動(dòng)詞不定式做主語:To learn a foreign language is very important.

From the chart, we can see that the greatest change is  teachers’ salary.從圖中我們可以看出最大的變化是教師工資。（teachers’ salary充當(dāng)is 后的表語。）

2.動(dòng)詞——主要充當(dāng)謂語
動(dòng)詞分為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（不能單獨(dú)作謂語）、be 動(dòng)詞、聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（分為及物和不及物）。
注意:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)詞原形，be 動(dòng)詞接名詞、動(dòng)名詞、形容詞及分詞，及物動(dòng)詞接賓語，不及物動(dòng)詞不能接賓語。

Traveling can help broaden our horizon.旅游可以開闊我們的視野。（can與help組合充當(dāng)謂語，help后接動(dòng)詞broaden，省略to）

In my country, some private companies have successfully implemented a uniform policy.在我們國(guó)家，有些私營(yíng)公司已經(jīng)成功地實(shí)行了制服制度。（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)標(biāo)志詞have與implemented共同構(gòu)成謂語）

I think that long-term traffic and pollution reductions would depend on educating the public to use public transport more, and on governments using public money to construct and run efficient systems.從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看來，我認(rèn)為要減少交通和污染問題，就得教育公眾多使用公共交通工具，同時(shí)政府得把公共資金花在建設(shè)以及運(yùn)作高效的體系上。（在此句中，depend是不及物動(dòng)詞，所以得借助介詞on才能接賓語。）

3. 形容詞——主要充當(dāng)定語及表語
It might sound awkward that employees must wear a company uniform.員工必須穿制服或許聽起來有點(diǎn)別扭。(形容詞awkward放在系動(dòng)詞sound后面作表語)
A foreign language is an important tool in a person’s career development.外語是一個(gè)人事業(yè)發(fā)展中的一件重要工具。（important修飾名詞tool）。

注意：在表達(dá)“越來越……”時(shí)，an increasing number of people 中的increasing應(yīng)經(jīng)演化成了形容詞，來修飾后面的名詞number；而在Mobile phones are becoming increasingly important in our daily life中，只能用副詞increasingly來修飾后面的形容詞。

4. 副詞——充當(dāng)狀語或修飾動(dòng)詞與形容詞 Nuclear power is highly effective.核能是高效的。（highly修飾形容詞effective）

We must carefully develop the use of nuclear power.我們必須謹(jǐn)慎地開發(fā)核能。(carefully修飾動(dòng)詞develop)

I don’t know where he lives. (此句中where he lives 作know的賓語，而where 作lives 的狀語)

5. 介詞——后接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞及名詞性從句
We should make joint efforts to cope with this problem.我們必須共同努力來解決這個(gè)問題。（cope不及物動(dòng)詞，后面必須加上介詞with才能接賓語）

As for teenagers, travel is beneficial to developing a sense of independence.對(duì)于青少年來說，旅行可以培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立意識(shí)。（詞短語中的to是介詞，后面的動(dòng)詞要變成動(dòng)名詞。）

There is a heated debate on whether we should send children to study abroad.人們激烈討論該不該送孩子出國(guó)求學(xué)。（介詞on 后面接名詞性從句whether we should send children to study abroad作賓語）

注意：介詞是極其容易出錯(cuò)的。所以，在記憶和使用短語搭配時(shí)，一定要做個(gè)有心人，務(wù)必做到100%正確，不能憑感覺。

6. 連詞——連接句子或名詞、代詞

Whether you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work.你是否能通過考試就看你有多用功了。（連詞whether引導(dǎo)名詞性從句充當(dāng)主語）
  

I picked up some French words while I was having a holiday in Paris.在巴黎度假時(shí)我偶然間學(xué)會(huì)幾個(gè)法語單詞。（while 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語）

Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.盡管當(dāng)時(shí)他很虛弱，他還是盡力工作。

認(rèn)識(shí)了詞匯基本情況后，現(xiàn)在我們來看一下到底怎么才能讓詞匯轉(zhuǎn)起來。很明顯，詞本身是不能轉(zhuǎn)的，能轉(zhuǎn)的只有是作者的大腦。所以，在寫作過程中，我們應(yīng)該以積極地態(tài)度應(yīng)對(duì)詞的選擇與變換。請(qǐng)看下面文字，體會(huì)一下詞匯之轉(zhuǎn):

As shown in the pie chart, $200 is spent on rent and food each week, taking up one third of the total expenditure. Next come the school fees, consuming $180, less than the first by $20 a week. When it comes to the fees on underground, we find that one fifth of the money is allocated to it, which is $120.In terms of study materials, only $50 is given to this aspect, accounting for one twelfth of the weekly expense. The rest of the money goes to entertainment and clothes, which are $10 and $40 respectively.

以上是A類作文Task1的一個(gè)主體段，描述的是某學(xué)校學(xué)生平均每周的開銷狀況。面對(duì)這樣的題材，必然要解決一個(gè)動(dòng)詞問題——花費(fèi)。在英語里表示“花費(fèi)”的詞有不少：take, cost spend, consume(更側(cè)重于“消耗，消費(fèi)”)，lay out, invest。在上面的文字里，作者對(duì)此詞采用了7種處理辦法，分別用了：被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)is spent on，is allocated to，is given to，主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)goes to，非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)taking up ，consuming，到最后直接用be動(dòng)詞are。另外，在表達(dá)各部分所占比例時(shí)，作者用了taking up, accounting for ,和直接法，即one fifth of the money is allocated to it。

不管你感覺如何，以上這段文字寫得相當(dāng)有技巧。作者把“花費(fèi)、開銷”玩得團(tuán)團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)。要想玩轉(zhuǎn)詞匯，最常用的辦法就是使用同義詞進(jìn)行不斷地變換，靈活地利用詞的不同詞性來表達(dá)按不同的含義。 但不管怎樣，大家永遠(yuǎn)不要忘記：要保證準(zhǔn)確，其它都是浮云。

（二）準(zhǔn)確用詞——詞之境
下面我想簡(jiǎn)單談?wù)勅绾螠?zhǔn)確用詞。一味地追求高難度，必將摔地很慘。當(dāng)然，一味地追求多樣性，也可能落得個(gè)弄巧成拙。如何避免慘劇的發(fā)生呢？注意語境。只有注意語境，做到詞隨境變，才能發(fā)揮詞的真正功力。比如說在寫大作文時(shí)，我們應(yīng)該知道這是較正式的文章，應(yīng)該使用檔次高點(diǎn)的詞，想表達(dá)同意某種觀點(diǎn)，不要說I think this suggestion OK ,也不要老說I agree with this opinion。稍微講究一點(diǎn)，可以用In my perspective, 或者 From my perspective, this opinion does sound rational。在寫G類小作文的書信時(shí)，道歉信的用詞應(yīng)該謙卑誠(chéng)懇些，抱怨信的選詞應(yīng)該顯示禮貌的同時(shí)用詞力道大些、狠些，這樣才能傳達(dá)你的本意。寫學(xué)術(shù)小作文，尤其是數(shù)據(jù)類文章，精確很重要，因?yàn)榇祟愇恼潞苤v究科學(xué)性和準(zhǔn)確性。精確來源于圖表的觀察和自己的分析。比如一個(gè)學(xué)生寫了這樣一個(gè)句子：I can see from the chart that the number of tourists from USA kept rising from 2003 to 2007.單看句子確實(shí)沒有語法錯(cuò)誤，但行家一看就知道此句描寫不準(zhǔn)確，句子沒有表達(dá)出人數(shù)上升的勢(shì)態(tài)——快或者慢，逐漸上升還是急劇上升，穩(wěn)定上升還是撥動(dòng)著上升。較好一個(gè)寫法：The chart shows that the number of tourists form USA kept rising dramatically\gradually from 2003 to 2007.

我們來看一下考官怎么用詞(下文引自劍8第167頁(yè))：
There is no doubt that traffic and pollution from vehicles have become huge problems, both in cities and on motorways everywhere. Solving these problems is likely to need more than a simple rise in the price of petrol.
1. 簡(jiǎn)單的詞簡(jiǎn)單的句型There is no doubt that
2. 簡(jiǎn)單的形容詞huge
3. 動(dòng)名詞作主語Solving these problems，避免“人”的出現(xiàn)，試圖更客觀

While it is undeniable that private car use is one of the main causes of the increase in traffic and pollution, higher fuel costs are likely to limit the number of drivers for long. As this policy would also affect the cost of public transport, it would be very unpopular with everyone who needs to travel on the roads. But there are various other measures that could be implemented that would have a huge effect on these problems.
1. 連詞While引出讓步壯語，后面的句型it is undeniable that也挺好的
2. increase此處作名詞用。
3. 常用的詞組加簡(jiǎn)單的詞are likely to limit
4. 連詞As引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因壯語從句
5. 普通的動(dòng)詞affect
6. 實(shí)用精到的短語be very unpopular with
7. 還不錯(cuò)的形容詞various，表達(dá)“多種多樣的”
8. 有點(diǎn)難度的及物動(dòng)詞implemented，表達(dá)“應(yīng)用、使用”
9. 又是普通的短語加通俗的形容詞have a huge effect on，huge是第二詞被用到

I think to tackle the problem of pollution, cleaner fuels need to be developed. The technology is already available to produce electric cars that would be both quieter and cleaner to use. Persuading manufactures and travelers to adopt this new technology would be a more effective strategy for improving air quality, especially in cities.
1.還算可以的動(dòng)詞搭配tackle the problem of pollution
2.較簡(jiǎn)單的詞develop表達(dá)“開發(fā)”
3. available在寫作中比較常用，也比較好，表達(dá)“可利用的、可得的”
4.多簡(jiǎn)單的形容詞 quieter and cleaner
5.還不錯(cuò)的動(dòng)詞搭配adopt this new technology
6. a more effective strategy，簡(jiǎn)單形容詞effective可以清晰地傳達(dá)意思

However, traffic congestion will not be solved by changing the type of private vehicle people can use. To do this, we need to improve the choice of public transport services available to travelers. For instance, if sufficient sky trains and underground train systems were built and effectively maintained in our major cities, then traffic on the roads would be made attractive and affordable alternatives to driving your own car for long journeys.
1. 交通阻塞traffic congestion要會(huì)寫
2. improve the choice of public transport services available to travelers，此處improve是“增加”之意，available作后置定語有用了一遍。好詞經(jīng)常用。
3. 較有難度的sufficient，表達(dá)“足夠的”
4. 準(zhǔn)確的搭配effectively maintained
5. 較難的名詞及形容詞搭配would be made attractive and affordable alternatives

In conclusion, I think that long-term traffic and pollution reductions would depend on educating the public to use public transport more, and on governments using public money to construct and run efficient systems.
1. 普通的短語depend on
2. construct and run efficient systems，用兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞并列準(zhǔn)確達(dá)意，用一個(gè)平常但精準(zhǔn)的形容詞efficient作限定詞

對(duì)于考官的文章，我從不迷信，也從不膜拜。以上只是個(gè)人覺得比較好的地方，做了簡(jiǎn)單分析，以供大家借鑒。

（三）結(jié)束語
正確的方法與技巧的確能事半功倍，但是，不要一味投機(jī)取巧妄想一夜暴富。畢竟，寫文章不可能一日就能達(dá)到出語驚人的功力。所以，我們得扎扎實(shí)實(shí)做點(diǎn)最起碼的功課——記單詞，否則一切都將是無源之水，流不長(zhǎng)啊！不過，如果時(shí)間有限的話，可以記憶一下高頻同義詞，以解燃眉之急。