淺談‘插入句子題’解題

關(guān)鍵字考題分析雅思考試托福考試雅思考題托�？碱} 寧波新通新通外語(yǔ)

2013-08-22 來(lái)源：新通外語(yǔ)網(wǎng)igo99.cn 作者：曹偉閱讀量：手機(jī)閱讀

導(dǎo)讀

插入句子題（Insert Text Questions）與‘修辭目的題’，‘推理題’同為側(cè)重邏輯關(guān)系考察的題目，也就是說(shuō)，尋找‘被插入的單句’和‘段落中空格前后句’的邏輯銜接關(guān)系，是解決插入句子題的關(guān)鍵。詳細(xì)資訊歡迎來(lái)電！海曙中心咨詢(xún)電話：0574-87076033 江東中心咨詢(xún)電話：0574-87736833

插入句子題（Insert Text Questions）與‘修辭目的題’，‘推理題’同為側(cè)重邏輯關(guān)系考察的題目，也就是說(shuō)，尋找‘被插入的單句’和‘段落中空格前后句’的邏輯銜接關(guān)系，是解決插入句子題的關(guān)鍵。

話題一：插入句子題的識(shí)別

插入句子題非常容易識(shí)別，最直接的途徑有二：

1. 題目位置：此類(lèi)題一般都位于每篇文章的倒數(shù)第二題。

2. 四個(gè)黑方框。

話題二：解題到底先讀段落還是單句？

看到此類(lèi)題的命題樣式（即從段落中抽出一句，現(xiàn)在讓我們把該句再放回原處），做題第一步驟無(wú)非兩種：先讀段落或者先讀單句。到底哪種才是最合適高效的呢？我們?cè)诖嗽敿?xì)分析。

【先讀段落的同學(xué)觀點(diǎn)】：既然單句是從完整的段落中抽取出來(lái)的，那該句被抽走之后就會(huì)導(dǎo)致段落被抽走句子的地方，前后銜接出現(xiàn)中斷，于是明顯的銜接不暢；就可以找到該單句應(yīng)放回的位置了。

【此觀點(diǎn)分析】：此觀點(diǎn)貌似合理，但是事實(shí)并非如此。因?yàn)椴迦刖渥宇}一般位于每篇文章倒數(shù)第二題，這一般意味著，此命題段落前面的題目中已經(jīng)進(jìn)行過(guò)其他題型的考察（比如前面已針對(duì)該段考過(guò)細(xì)節(jié)題），然而考生在處理前面針對(duì)該段的題目的時(shí)候，并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)段落中有過(guò)明顯的語(yǔ)義中斷或者銜接不暢。這說(shuō)明一件事：被抽走的這個(gè)句子，本來(lái)就是可有可無(wú)的，有了的話，更好的銜接上下文；沒(méi)有，也不會(huì)覺(jué)得有缺失句子。于是，先讀段落查找語(yǔ)義中斷位置的做法一般行不通。

【結(jié)論】：解題第一步，應(yīng)該先讀單句，并在單句中，尋找以下邏輯銜接標(biāo)志。

話題三：詳細(xì)解題思路

【考察本質(zhì)】：此類(lèi)題型重點(diǎn)考查英文句子間的邏輯語(yǔ)義關(guān)系，即英文中句子與句子是如何銜接在一起的。所以，只要掌握了英語(yǔ)句子間的銜接手法(cohesive devices)，這種問(wèn)題便可迎刃而解。

【四大銜接手段】：按使用優(yōu)先性和使用頻率排序

1. 代詞類(lèi)

理論指導(dǎo)：當(dāng)作者再次談及上句相關(guān)話題時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，遵循語(yǔ)言學(xué)的最簡(jiǎn)化原理，作者會(huì)用代詞指代前文話題詞。

具體標(biāo)志：

A. 人稱(chēng)代詞、指示代詞和關(guān)系代詞等

B. 代詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，如this wider possibility

C. 類(lèi)似代詞（語(yǔ)義中含有‘這’‘那’的詞），如such episodic events，there

真題鏈接

Paragraph 3: ■Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. ■About a year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope parlor in 1894, showmen such as Louis and Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orville and Woodville Latham (with the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William Dickson) perfected projection devices. ■These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience. ■

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.

When this widespread use of projection technology began to hurt his Kinetoscope business, Edison acquired a projector developed by Armat and introduced it as “Edison’s latest marvel, the Vitascope."

Where would the sentence best fit?

解析：先讀單句，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中含有‘代詞+名詞’標(biāo)志this widespread use of projection technology，可知在某個(gè)空前面，一定有提到‘投影技術(shù)應(yīng)用廣泛’，滿(mǎn)足此條件的只有第四個(gè)空前：These early projection devices被用在很多個(gè)不同地點(diǎn)，即應(yīng)用廣泛。答案是D。

2. 邏輯關(guān)系詞

由于此類(lèi)題的考點(diǎn)就在于考察句子的邏輯銜接關(guān)系，所以，明顯的邏輯標(biāo)志詞，將會(huì)是很好的解題工具。

2.1 時(shí)間關(guān)系

then, next, later, finally, etc。

2.2 因果關(guān)系

so, therefore, consequently, thus, hence , as a result,（+結(jié)果句子）

2.3 轉(zhuǎn)折/正反對(duì)比關(guān)系

on the contrary, in contrast, however, but, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand, etc。

2.4 解釋/同理類(lèi)比關(guān)系

that is, in other words, likewise, same, similarly etc。

2.5 舉例關(guān)系

for instance, for example

2.6 并列/遞進(jìn)關(guān)系

also, again, in addition, another, in fact, indeed

真題鏈接

Paragraph 6: ■Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. ■Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. ■In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. ■They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.

Look at the four squares [■l that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.

Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.

Where would the sentence best fit?

解析：先讀單句，發(fā)現(xiàn)句中有邏輯關(guān)系詞標(biāo)志consequently（因此），所以某個(gè)空前面一定有原因會(huì)導(dǎo)致tunas do not need to suck in water（金槍魚(yú)不需要吸水），只有第二個(gè)空前的內(nèi)容：‘因?yàn)榻饦岕~(yú)總在游泳，只要張開(kāi)嘴巴，水就被壓進(jìn)來(lái)……’才會(huì)導(dǎo)致‘水被動(dòng)壓入嘴巴，不需要主動(dòng)吸水’。于是答案是B。

3. 重復(fù)話題詞或同義近義改寫(xiě)（承上啟下）

上下句的銜接也可以通過(guò)重復(fù)話題詞實(shí)現(xiàn)，或者是對(duì)該話題詞進(jìn)行相關(guān)改寫(xiě)。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，被插入的單句，一般句首滿(mǎn)足承接上文，句尾滿(mǎn)足啟發(fā)下文。

真題鏈接

Paragraph 5: The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. ■Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. ■The Freudian perspective, in a sense, sees us as "steam engines." ■By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. ■Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.

11. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression.

Where would the sentence best fit?

解析：先讀單句，句首impulses that have been repressed（被壓抑的沖動(dòng)）一般承接上文，句末continue to exist and demand expression（繼續(xù)存在需要發(fā)泄）一般啟發(fā)下文，于是可見(jiàn)，詞句上承第二個(gè)空前面的‘孩子們……會(huì)壓抑它們的攻擊性沖動(dòng)’，下啟第二空之后的‘佛洛依德的蒸汽機(jī)發(fā)泄理論’，故答案是B。

4. 定冠詞the + 名詞

指導(dǎo)理論：名詞第一次被提到時(shí)，用不定冠詞a+名詞連接，當(dāng)后句再次提及該名詞時(shí)，為了表示它和前一句名詞是同一關(guān)系，會(huì)用定冠詞the引出。其實(shí)此類(lèi)關(guān)系很類(lèi)似于代詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)。

真題鏈接：

Paragraph 3: Observational assessment techniques have become much more sophisticated, reducing the limitations just presented. Film analysis of the infant's responses, heart and respiration rate monitors, and nonnutritive sucking devices are used as effective tools in understanding infant perception. ■Film analysis permits researchers to carefully study the infant's responses over and over and in slow motion. ■Precise measurements can be made of the length and frequency of the infant's attention between two stimuli. ■Heart and respiration monitors provide the investigator with the number of heartbeats or breaths taken when a new stimulus is presented. ■Numerical increases are used as quantifiable indicators of heightened interest in the new stimulus. Increases in nonnutritive sucking were first used as an assessment measure by researchers in 1969. They devised an apparatus that connected a baby's pacifier to a counting device. As stimuli were presented, changes in the infant's sucking behavior were recorded. Increases in the number of sucks were used as an indicator of the infant's attention to or preference for a given visual display.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

The repetition allows researchers to observe the infant's behavior until they reach agreement about the presence and the degree of the infant's response.

Where would the sentence best fit?

解析：先讀單句，發(fā)現(xiàn)句中定冠詞‘the+名詞’標(biāo)志the repetition，于是可知某空前面，應(yīng)該有提到‘某種重復(fù)’，滿(mǎn)足此條件的是第二空前面的study the infant's responses over and over（一次又一次的研究嬰兒的反饋），答案是B。

>>相關(guān)閱讀：

推薦專(zhuān)家
	姓名：曹偉電話：0574－8707 6033 電子郵箱：paulcao@shinyway 所在地點(diǎn)：寧波海曙冷靜街8號(hào)銀億時(shí)代廣場(chǎng)15樓（天封塔斜對(duì)面）咨詢(xún)國(guó)家/地區(qū)：null
【專(zhuān)業(yè)資歷】
教齡6年英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言專(zhuān)業(yè)ETS認(rèn)證新托福TOEFL –iBT培訓(xùn)教師寧波十佳優(yōu)秀培訓(xùn)教師托福/雅思高分TEM-4英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)證書(shū) TEM-8英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)八級(jí)證書(shū) 善于從對(duì)教學(xué)水平要求嚴(yán)格，知識(shí)點(diǎn)分析深入，善于從技術(shù)和統(tǒng)計(jì)角度整理考點(diǎn)，因材施教，循序漸進(jìn)，應(yīng)試效果強(qiáng)大。
【成功案例】
陳同學(xué)：某高中高二學(xué)生，SAT強(qiáng)化班學(xué)生，英語(yǔ)水平中等，學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度認(rèn)真。剛開(kāi)課時(shí)，學(xué)生缺乏對(duì)SAT語(yǔ)法考察特點(diǎn)的把握和認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)SAT語(yǔ)法部分充滿(mǎn)恐懼，錯(cuò)誤頗多，經(jīng)過(guò)我獨(dú)創(chuàng)的‘縱橫交錯(cuò)式’語(yǔ)法講義以及靶向式的真題練習(xí)，學(xué)生在課程結(jié)束時(shí)進(jìn)步非常大。最終在學(xué)生的積極努力下，SAT語(yǔ)法49題錯(cuò)誤數(shù)量可以壓縮在3題左右，寫(xiě)作整體部分730的高分。王同學(xué)：鎮(zhèn)海高二學(xué)生，SAT強(qiáng)化班同學(xué)，英語(yǔ)成績(jī)?cè)鷮?shí)，吃苦耐勞。學(xué)生語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)扎實(shí)，但是剛開(kāi)始難以應(yīng)付SAT獨(dú)特的命題特點(diǎn)，經(jīng)過(guò)逐題統(tǒng)計(jì)考點(diǎn)整理而成的語(yǔ)法講義逐步熟悉真題套路，再針對(duì)性的大量真題練習(xí)分析，學(xué)生課程結(jié)束時(shí)，也可以達(dá)到語(yǔ)法49題錯(cuò)誤數(shù)量可以壓縮在4題左右水平。黃同學(xué)：某高中高一，托福強(qiáng)化班學(xué)生，英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)良好，認(rèn)真刻苦。經(jīng)過(guò)一期階梯式的課程，我教的閱讀課從基礎(chǔ)題型解題方法，到OG過(guò)渡，再到真題練習(xí)，一路走來(lái)，學(xué)生初考即獲得99分的高分，閱讀成績(jī)29分。