2013年7月18日雅思閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)

介紹美國(guó)某地沙漠化現(xiàn)象的形成和治理 建議參考： 劍橋真題5：The impact of wilderness tourism 了解環(huán)保話題的背景詞匯。

詞匯整理： conservation 保護(hù)，保存 v.s. conversation environmentalist = conservationist acid 酸 酸的 acid rain carbon 碳 v.s. charcoal (炭)carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide fume exhaust fumes v.s. smoke, fog, smog petroleum 石油 (BE) = gasoline/gas unleaded petrol/gas ozone 臭氧 (o + zone)ozone layer ooze 滲出 滲出物 radiation 輻射ultraviolet(UV) radiation~ radioactive greenhouse 溫室greenhouse effect/gases solar 太陽的 (solar energy) lunar (lunar calendar) phenomenon 現(xiàn)象 catastrophe = disaster, cataclysm deterioration 惡化 extinction 滅絕 species endangered species drought 干旱 v.s. flooding recurrent 反復(fù)發(fā)生的re + (oc)cur + rent v.s. concurrent inundate 淹沒 embankment 筑堤 (em + bank + ment) sediment 沉積（物）= deposit delta 三角洲the Pearl River Delta alluvial 沖積的 desertification dust-storm 沙塵暴 barren 貧瘠的，不育的，無效的 dune sand attributable 歸因于be attributable to… deforestation 濫砍濫伐（森林） log 原木，日志 伐木v.s. logo vegetation 植物，植被v.s. vegetable, vegetarian habitat 棲息地 ecosystem 生態(tài)系統(tǒng) (eco + system)~ ecology demographic 人口統(tǒng)計(jì)的 demo(people) + graph(write) + ic interdependence inter + dependence counterbalance 使平衡，彌補(bǔ) (=offset)counter(against) + balance mechanism 機(jī)理，機(jī)制 precipitation 陡降，降水 circulation 流通，循環(huán) tide à tidal wave (海嘯) typhoon ~ tornado, hurricane meteorology 氣象(學(xué)) volcano 火山 eruption 噴發(fā) granite 花崗巖 imminent = impending v.s. eminent Celsius 攝氏的 37OCv.s. centigrade Fahrenheit 華氏的 latitude 緯度(另) longitude, altitude tropical glacier 冰川 dump 傾倒，傾銷 contaminate 弄臟 recycle 回收再利用 irreversible 不可逆的 (= irrevocable) reclaim 開墾，改造 contentious 有爭(zhēng)議的 opt 選擇(+ for) prioritize 優(yōu)先考慮

原文拓展閱讀： DESERT FORMATION The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process. Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand. Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established. In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results. Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and over irrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion. The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land. The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over irrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil. The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.

本篇文章為新題，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)回憶1：人類文明和社會(huì)衰落的過程�，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)回憶2：某種古代人種和其社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的介紹，之后它們衰退消失，在現(xiàn)代文明中又有所重現(xiàn)，提到了Iceland這個(gè)地方。

原文拓展閱讀：（主要講述了天氣變化和冰島地區(qū)的氣候地貌簡(jiǎn)介） National Parks and Climate Change 　　

A 　　National parks, nature reserves, protected areas and sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs) are an important part of the natural landscape in most countries. Their habitat and terrains vary massively, from tundra and glacier parks in the north to wetlands in Europe, steppes in central and eastern Europe, and prairie grasslands and deserts in other areas. Virtually all kinds of landscape are protected somewhere. And these protected areas are important for the variety of plant and animal life they harbour: caribou, bears, wolves, rare types of fish and birds. 　　

B 　　But these areas are under threat from a recent peril - global climate change. No amount of legislation in any one country can protect against a worldwide problem. What exactly are the problems caused by climate change? David Woodward, head of the British Council for Nature Conservation, spoke to Science Now about some of these areas, and his first point highlighted the enormous variation in nature reserves. 　　

C 　　"Each park or reserve is an ecosystem," he says, "and the larger reserves, such as those in Canada, may have several types of ecological subsystems within it. There are reserves which are half the size of Western Europe, so it doesn't make sense to talk about them as if they were all the same, or as if the microclimates within them were uniform." Woodward outlines some of the dangers posed by climatic change to parks in the northern Americas, for example. 　　

D 　　"If climatic change is severe, and in particular if the change is happening as quickly as it is at the moment, then the boundaries of the park no longer make much sense. A park that was designated as a protected area 90 years ago may suffer such change in its climate that the nature of it changes too. It will no longer contain the animal and plant life that it did. So the area which once protected, say, a species of reindeer or a type of scenery, will have changed. In effect, you lose the thing you were trying to protect." This effect has already been seen in Canada, where parks which once contained glaciers have seen the glaciers melted by global warming. 　

　E 　　Jennie Lindstrom, Chief Executive Officer of H2O, the charity which campaigns on an international level on behalf of mainland Europe's protected wetland and wilderness areas, is even more pessimistic. In a letter to Science Now, she has asserted that up to 70% of such areas are already experiencing such "significant change ... in climate" that the distribution patterns. of flora and fauna are changing, and that all areas will eventually be affected. She estimates that the most profound change is occurring in the northernmost parks in areas such as Finland, Greenland, Iceland and northern Russia, but adds that "there is no place which will not suffer the effects of global warming. What we are seeing is a massive change in the environment - and that means the extinction of whole species, as well as visual and structural changes which means that areas like the Camargue may literally look totally different in 50 or 60 years' time." 　

　F 　　The problems are manifold. First, it is difficult or impossible to predict which areas are most in need of help - that is, which areas are in most danger. Predicting climate change is even more unreliable than predicting the weather. Secondly, there is a sense that governments in most areas are apathetic towards a problem which may not manifest itself until long after that government's term of office has come to an end. In poor areas, of course, nature conservation is low on the list of priorities compared to, say, employment or health. Third, and perhaps most important, even in areas where there is both the political will and the financial muscle to do something about the problem, it is hard to know just what to do. Maria Colehill of Forestlife, an American conservation body, thinks that in the case of climate change, the most we can realistically do is monitor the situation and allow for the changes that we cannot prevent, while lobbying governments internationally to make the changes to the pollution laws, for example, that will enable us to deal with the causes of the problem. "I am despondent," she admits. "I have no doubt that a lot of the work we are doing on behalf of the North American lynx, for example, will be wasted. The animal itself can live in virtually any environment where there are few humans, but of course its numbers are small. If climate change affects the other animal life in the areas where it now lives, if the food chain changes, then the lynx will be affected too. Less food for the lynx means fewer lynxes, or lynxes with nowhere to go." 　　

G 　　Certainly, climate change is not going to go away overnight. It is estimated that fossil fuels burnt in the 1950s will still be affecting our climate in another 30 years, so the changes will continue for some time after that. If we want to protect the remnants of our wild landscapes for future generations, the impetus for change must come from the governments of the world.

擅長(zhǎng)課程：雅思寫作、雅思閱讀、雅思聽力、托福閱讀、托福寫作武漢大學(xué)研究生，曾赴美國(guó)匹茲堡任教一年，回國(guó)后先后在國(guó)內(nèi)知名培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)任教。喜愛鉆研，擅長(zhǎng)總結(jié)研發(fā)使學(xué)生更易吸收的教學(xué)方法。堅(jiān)信不僅要教給學(xué)生正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法以及豐富的知識(shí)，同時(shí)還要用自己積極向上的人生態(tài)度去感染學(xué)生，改變學(xué)生。

(1)朱同學(xué)，雅思7分。朱同學(xué)剛來新通的時(shí)候，成績(jī)是5.5分。經(jīng)過一個(gè)多月的學(xué)習(xí)，迅速突破到了7分。聽力部分更是拿到了8分的好成績(jī)。

(2)李同學(xué)，托福閱讀28分。學(xué)生最初閱讀一直在15分左右徘徊，最終發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生并不是做題有問題。而是對(duì)閱讀文章的整體框架感知不夠，不能抓住段落的中心大意。另外，學(xué)生的長(zhǎng)難句理解還只停留在表面的字對(duì)字翻譯。經(jīng)過強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練，學(xué)生最終學(xué)習(xí)到了正確的方法，獲得了28分的高分成績(jī)。

(3)林同學(xué)，托福寫作28分。學(xué)生的寫作成績(jī)一直在22分左右，無法突破。但在找到學(xué)生的寫作問題之后，經(jīng)過邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)訓(xùn)練以及詞匯替換訓(xùn)練，最終學(xué)生獲得了寫作28分的好成績(jī)。

(4)葛同學(xué)，雅思寫作6分。葛同學(xué)最初寫作成績(jī)是4.5分，在一個(gè)月內(nèi)，學(xué)生最終寫作成績(jī)提到了6分。收到學(xué)生的感謝信，感謝我教給了她一種全新的寫作思維方式和學(xué)習(xí)方法。

（5）代同學(xué)，雅思6分。代同學(xué)一直為雅思寫作而苦惱。高考英語成績(jī)也不錯(cuò)，但雅思寫作總是突破不了4.5分。最后在我的鼓勵(lì)和指導(dǎo)下，只經(jīng)過了短期訓(xùn)練就拿到了6分的成績(jī)。