如何解決雅思議論文字?jǐn)?shù)不足的問題

字?jǐn)?shù)不夠，即在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)(40分鐘)沒有達(dá)到文章字?jǐn)?shù)要求(至少250單詞)。對于字?jǐn)?shù)不足250單詞的文章，考官將會直接扣分，低于240單詞扣一分，低于200單詞扣兩分。因此我們可以從劍橋系列范文中發(fā)現(xiàn)，字?jǐn)?shù)不足的文章最高將不會超過5.5分。(《劍8》Test 2和《劍7》Test 4提供的考生答卷中均有體現(xiàn)。)

專家經(jīng)過對多位考生的文章進(jìn)行分析和總結(jié)后發(fā)現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)生該問題的原因主要有：1. 觀點數(shù)量少;2. 不知道觀點如何展開;3. 寫作速度太慢。那么，要在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)滿足字?jǐn)?shù)要求，考生需要想出足夠多的觀點;學(xué)習(xí)如何展開觀點;熟練運用復(fù)雜句并提高寫作速度。如何做到這幾點呢，筆者將在本文中為各位考生提出幾點建議。

建議一：“量變”引起“質(zhì)變”

首先，考生需要想出足夠多的觀點。為此，很多考生會搜集各種網(wǎng)站所做的“寫作預(yù)測”，從而提前準(zhǔn)備觀點。需要提醒考生的是不要盲目相信各種“預(yù)測”，預(yù)測題目可以練習(xí)使用，但目的是更好地提升寫作水平;相反，若把所有精力集中在預(yù)測題目上，并背誦相關(guān)內(nèi)容，最終很有可能會被當(dāng)作模板處理，而對于使用模板或者是含有大量語言記憶片段的文章，文章最高分?jǐn)?shù)不會超過5分。所以，建議考生積累觀點要走“正道”，即：1. 擴(kuò)大閱讀面。閱讀中文相關(guān)內(nèi)容也可以有效地增加考生的背景知識。2. 積累同類話題的通用觀點。在文章總字?jǐn)?shù)要求不變的情況下，每個段落觀點數(shù)量越多，意味著支持句的數(shù)量就可以相應(yīng)地減少。如果一個段落中含有兩個觀點，那么每個觀點句展開一個支持句就滿足字?jǐn)?shù)要求了。

例一：Charity organizations should give aid to people in the greatest need, wherever they are from, or help people in their own countries. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (2010年1月9日 A類)

Opponents of charity organizations only giving aid domestically, however, contend the assistance should be open to people in need no matter where they are from. To start with, it is the functionality of charity organizations to render help to those who are in great need, regardless of their nationalities. Otherwise, it may be considered as going breach of the purposes they are established for. What is more, not only can international charity assistance enhance the friendship of two nations, but also help eliminate the conflicts and misunderstandings, thereby stimulating the cultural exchanges between countries. (94 words)

上文范例段落中一共出現(xiàn)了3個觀點句，各支持句尚未進(jìn)行展開就已經(jīng)有將近100單詞。但是如果一個段落只有一個觀點，在保持段落字?jǐn)?shù)不變的情況下，支持句的數(shù)量就要相應(yīng)地增加。

例二：Some people think that foreign tourists abroad should be charged more than local people to visit a country’s cultural and historical attractions. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2011年4月30日 A類)

The reason that I oppose to the above view is the unfairness and inequality this proposal may conduce to. As is known to all, historic attractions are owned by all human beings and should be shared by people from all over the world equally and without discrimination. Once this proposal being implemented, an unfavorable impression of this country would be formed in no time. There is a fear that foreign travelers may never come again. Neither do their friends nor those who gain this negative information. And this will inevitably lead to a vicious circle. (95 words)

上文范例段落中只給出了一個觀點句，為了滿足段落內(nèi)容的充實性，在這個觀點句后進(jìn)行了5句話的論證，字?jǐn)?shù)才接近100單詞。因此，在觀點較少的情況下，能否將觀點充分地展開成為滿足字?jǐn)?shù)要求的關(guān)鍵所在，而這對邏輯能力較弱的考生而言則會成為一大難點。

建議二：活用論證方法

如果考生對于某一主題想不出多種觀點進(jìn)行支持，那么，也可以通過使用議論文中常見的論證方法來進(jìn)行字?jǐn)?shù)的擴(kuò)充。如何展開一個觀點，關(guān)鍵在于是否能夠靈活運用論證方式。常用的論證方式包括：解釋(explanation)，延伸(extension)，舉例(exemplification)和對比(contrast)等，如：

A lot of innovations are made with the aim of making money for a few. This is because it is the rich and powerful people in our society who are able to impose changes (such as in working conditions or property developments) that are in their own interests. (第二句為解釋論證)(《劍6》Test 4)

My view is that young people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons. That is the best way for them to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives and why. (第二句為延伸論證)(《劍5》Test 2)

To do this, we need to improve the choice of public transport services available to travelers. For example, if sufficient sky train and underground train systems were built and effectively maintained in our major cities, then traffic on the roads would be dramatically reduced.(第二句為舉例論證)(《劍8》Test 3)

The reasons for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on. (第二句為對比論證)(《劍5》Test 2)

建議三：固定法

提高寫作速度，其關(guān)鍵在于“固定”。要想在那么短的時間內(nèi)，在考場上高度緊張的狀態(tài)下寫出滿足字?jǐn)?shù)要求同時又非常優(yōu)秀的文章來，的確是非常困難的，但是雅思考官曾講過，考場上任何一篇優(yōu)秀文章中的每一個單詞都是經(jīng)過精心準(zhǔn)備的。因此，要想保證字?jǐn)?shù)同時又保證質(zhì)量，考前精心的準(zhǔn)備和設(shè)計是非常必要的。如：

固定開頭段

The late 20st century witnessed the every surging boom of advanced technology, which has brought attention to a heated debate concerning whether housework should be accomplished manually.

The late 20st century witnessed the ever surging boom of the world population, which has brought attention to a heated debate concerning whether people should be encouraged to move into skyscrapers.

固定常用句型

引導(dǎo)觀點或者解釋論證

It is a widely held perception that…

It is a commonly shared convention that…

舉例子

A great case in point is that…

延伸論證

So…that…

對比論證

主語+should/would/could/might + do +其他+ if +主語+did/be(were) +其他

連接兩個觀點

Not only…but also…

但是要提醒各位考生特別注意的是，文章中固定下來的內(nèi)容，尤其是開頭段、結(jié)尾段和文中的一些固定句型應(yīng)該是自我總結(jié)得來，符合自己寫作水平的，最好不要盲目背誦比較流行的輔導(dǎo)參考書中的套路模式，以免被考官認(rèn)為是抄襲或者模板。把自己總結(jié)固定下來的內(nèi)容運用熟練，就可以有效地提高寫作速度，從而滿足字?jǐn)?shù)要求。