如何掌握雅思聽力中的詞匯銜接

什么是詞匯銜接：詞匯銜接是指通過詞的重復(fù)、同義、反義、上下義( hyponymy)、互補(bǔ)(complementarity)、整體與部分等關(guān)系，來使語篇意義連貫。

專家觀點(diǎn)：按照語言學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)，英語詞匯銜接關(guān)系可以分為兩大 類：復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系( reiteration)和同現(xiàn)關(guān)系(collocation)。因此在雅思聽力中抓住詞匯銜接是非常重要的。

【1】同現(xiàn)關(guān)系出現(xiàn)的信號詞句——詞匯鏈

同現(xiàn)關(guān)系指的是詞匯共同出現(xiàn)的傾向性(co-occurrence tendency)。在語篇中，圍繞一定的話題，一定的詞往往會同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，而其他一些詞匯就不大可能出現(xiàn)或根本不會出現(xiàn)。這種詞的同現(xiàn)關(guān)系與語篇范圍關(guān)系非常密切。例如：

There are five people in my family. They all work in this city. My father is a doctor. My mother is a nurse. My brother is a driver. My sister is a teacher.

在這一語段中有兩組詞匯同現(xiàn)關(guān)系，第一組是people，my family，father，mother，brother，sister;第二組是 work，doctor，nurse，driver，teacher。把這兩組詞匯串在一起分析，就能非常容易地判斷出該語篇的主題是談?wù)摷胰说穆殬I(yè)。

在語言運(yùn)用中，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)在意義上相互關(guān)聯(lián)的詞匯經(jīng)常同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在某一語篇中，這些詞語屬于同一個(gè)詞匯套，形成了“詞匯鏈’’(1exical chain)，因而，當(dāng)人們遇到其中一個(gè)(些)詞語即信號詞句，便會由此聯(lián)想到詞匯套中的另一些詞。例如，聽到(讀)“郵局”這個(gè)信號詞時(shí)，人們通常會聯(lián) 想到“寄信’’、“匯款”、“掛號信”、“郵票’’、“包裹”等詞語。所以，當(dāng)一個(gè)詞匯鏈的詞語出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)語篇或語段中時(shí)，這些詞語就能銜接句子，起著連 句成篇的作用。

【2】復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系出現(xiàn)的信號詞句——重復(fù)性詞匯

復(fù)現(xiàn)指的是某一詞以原詞、同義詞、近義詞、上義詞、下義詞、概括詞或其他形式重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在語篇中，語篇的句子通過這種復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系達(dá)到了相互銜接。

注意下面雅思聽力測試的某一語段中的黑體詞：

Clerk: Can I help you this evening, sir?

Traveler: Yes, please. I'd like... I'm traveling to San Francisco.

Clerk: OK, do you have your tickets already this evening?

Traveler: Yes ,I do.

Clerk: OK, sir, would you like smoking or non-smoking seats this evening?

Traveler: Er, no smoking please.

Clerk; OK, this evening you're going to be traveling out on flight 317. Your seat is 17A,

non-smoking，window.

Traveler: Thank you very much indeed. Do you need to see my passport?

Clerk: Ah，no sir.

Traveler: Thank you very much.

Clerk: Was there any bags you'd like checked this evening?

Traveler: Yes, please, one.

Clerk: OK. Is your name and address on your bag, sir?

Traveler: Yes, it is.

Clerk: OK, that'll be one bag checked to San Francisco this evening. Your claim check is

stapled in the back of your ticket jacket. Your flight will be departing out of Gate

22 this evening. Boarding time is 6:40 and your flight leaves at 7 0'clock.

Traveler: Thank you very much indeed.

Clerk: OK, have an enjoyable flight this evening.

注意上面對話中的黑體，它們都是本段聽力中的重要信息，抓住這些重要的詞，我們考生將得心應(yīng)手。