淺析托福閱讀推理推斷題找“對象”的妙用

快過年了，很多人家里又再催促找對象，帶對象回家。相信很多小伙伴應付這個問題已經(jīng)是焦頭爛額了。再回頭望望準備的托�？荚�，哇～的一聲哭出來～

 

在托福閱讀中，推理推斷題絕對是最讓大家感到心力交瘁的題型了：文字花花一片全無線索，選項一摸一樣只靠摸索。同樣的一句話，咋還能理解出花呢？原文好像說出了答案，但是選項又要靠我們的推斷。難為的廣大考生最后的推斷題都做成了“懵猜”題。推理推斷題像極了女朋友出的一道道“送命題”。
 

其實在推理推斷題中，隱藏著幫助我們做題的“對象”找到它，就是解題關鍵！

 

首先讓我們來回顧一下什么是‘推斷題’

推斷題的出題形式非常多樣，但是常見的出題形式按照出現(xiàn)頻率可以總結如下: 

 

從題干中infer, imply中我們就可以看出，推斷題的答案需要我們自己‘推理’出來，在原文中沒有直接的答案。但是怎么推？往哪里推？推多遠？又成為了新的難點。很多學生在這里會習慣‘過度推斷’，推的‘天馬行空’錯的‘五花八門’。

 

為了解決這個難題我們先來看一個中文的例子：

 

現(xiàn)在城市中養(yǎng)貓的人群正在興起，逐漸改變了以往狗多貓少的情況。其中原因有很多，首先，比起養(yǎng)狗，養(yǎng)貓更加方便。貓咪幾乎沒有體味，不需要遛，也不需要經(jīng)常洗澡：貓會自己“洗澡”。與狗不同，它們的唾液有很強的清潔力。

 

A. 它們的唾液比人類的沐浴液更有清潔力。

B. 狗的唾液沒有清潔力。

C. 動物的唾液都有清潔力。

D. 因為可以用唾液自我清潔，所以狗的一生不需要洗澡

 

題讀完了，我們來講做題思路。熟悉托福的考生們肯定都知道，托福閱讀就是靠“定位”。推斷題也是一樣。但是“定位詞”不是亂找的。很多時候它就藏在題干里。

這道題中提到了“狗的唾液”，說明我們在文中要找的句子一定和“狗”和“唾液”有關！

回到原文，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)包含這兩者的句子就是最后一句：與狗不同，它們的唾液有很強的清潔力

好的！接下來！就是萬眾期待的“找對象”環(huán)節(jié)了！

在這個句子里，描述的對象總共有兩處：一個是“狗”；一個是“它們”通過上下文我們可以得知這里的“它們”就是貓貓們；

原句在這里做了一個貓狗們的唾液的對比：它們 – 貓 – 的唾液有清潔力，而狗沒有

所以關于‘狗的唾液’我們可以推斷出一個方向就是它們的唾液沒有很強的清潔力。
 

A里出現(xiàn)了和“人類沐浴露”的對比 - 超出了定位句的“對象”范圍 不選

B里就是 狗狗 和 唾液清潔力 - 符合對象 待定

C里出現(xiàn)了“動物”- 超出了“對象”范圍 排除

D里是 狗狗 和 唾液 - 看起來也很符合 但是！ 這里說的是狗的唾液有清潔力和原文不符

 

所以最后我們的答案就是B選項啦！

這里我們可以看到 確定了“對象”對我們解題的重要性！

Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. （TPO2-2）
 

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? 
 

○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

○There were great numbers of them.

○They lived in the sea only.

○They did not leave many fossil remains.
 

很多考生一看到這么長的段落已經(jīng)有點頭蒙，看到是infer這個單詞更是直接兩眼一閉，嘿呀！盲選一個答案拉倒。不要緊張！按照我們之前的解題思路：找“對象”呀！
 

來看選項：

A.不難想象otters 的長相           符合！

B.數(shù)量很多  超出了“對象”范圍    排除

C.只生活在海里 超出了“對象”范圍 排除

D.沒有很多化石 超出了“對象”范圍 排除

 

綜上，我們就可以得到正確的答案：A啦

 

下面我們再來練一道！

Paragraph 2: This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland,” a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today. （TPO6-2）

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?

○ Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.

○ Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.

○ Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.

○ Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.
 

這道題是一道5星難度題，一半的學生被段落的長篇幅和推理推斷這個概念唬的五迷三道，掙扎了半天，最后繳槍投降。但是如果運用我們今天講的思路，這道題也可以直接秒殺。

首先看題干找定位發(fā)現(xiàn)是: canal building 

回到原文找到是在文中的第一句：This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height.

這句話中的對象出現(xiàn)了兩個：steam locomotive 和 canal building （如圖示）