托福閱讀之段落結(jié)構(gòu)題目的解決方法

 在托福閱讀中，大家慢慢就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)很多文章整體都是結(jié)構(gòu)非常明晰的，總體都是總-分或者總-分-總的形式�？�-分的形式就是段落開始為段落主題句，其他部分為支撐的細(xì)節(jié)，具體論證方式有對(duì)比比較、定義、舉例、分類、提供數(shù)據(jù)支持、類比、過程描述等，此時(shí)的段落目的對(duì)應(yīng)段落開始的主題句。有時(shí)題目還會(huì)問一個(gè)段落在整篇文章中的作用。都是對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的把控與調(diào)查。

例如，

例一(總-分結(jié)構(gòu))

Paragraph 7: About 90 percent of modern humans are right-handed: we are the only mammal with a preferential use of one hand. The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago. Among Neanderthalers of 70,000–35,000 years ago, Marcellin Boule noted that the La Chapelle-aux-Saints individual had a left hemisphere slightly bigger than the right, and the same was found for brains of specimens from Neanderthal, Gibraltar, and La Quina.

What is the author's primary purpose in paragraph 7?

(A) To illustrate the importance of studying the brain

(B) To demonstrate that human beings are the only mammal to desire fine control of movement

(C) To contrast the functions of the two hemispheres of the brain

(D) To demonstrate that right-hand preference has existed for a long time

參考譯文：

大約90%的現(xiàn)代人類是右撇子:我們是唯一優(yōu)先使用一只手的哺乳動(dòng)物。大腦中負(fù)責(zé)精細(xì)控制和運(yùn)動(dòng)的部分位于左大腦半球，上述發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，人類大腦在200萬年前不久，其結(jié)構(gòu)和功能就已經(jīng)不對(duì)稱了。在7萬到3萬5千年前的尼安德特人當(dāng)中，Marcellin Boule注意到La Chapelle-aux-Saints個(gè)體的左半球略大于右半球，尼安德特人、直布羅陀人和拉奎那人的大腦樣本也發(fā)現(xiàn)了同樣的現(xiàn)象。

A選項(xiàng) 說明研究大腦的重要性

B 證明人類是唯一一種渴望精細(xì)控制運(yùn)動(dòng)的哺乳動(dòng)物

C 對(duì)比大腦兩個(gè)半球的功能

D 來證明右手偏好已經(jīng)存在很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了

根據(jù)文章的整體表達(dá)，可以判斷第一句為主題句，后面都在解釋說明。所以第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。文章其實(shí)主要描述大腦左半球的功能，未與大腦右半球的功能進(jìn)行比較，所以第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。

再看下面這篇文章，它的機(jī)構(gòu)就比較清晰。開始說會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題。后面特別是Finally, 都在證明問題是什么。

Paragraph 6: Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line. Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills. Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. Sometimes, the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed. The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years; protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area. Finally, the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution. Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental

參考譯文：

此外，從地下開采石油、從海底開采石油并輸送給消費(fèi)者，可能會(huì)在沿線的任何地方造成環(huán)境問題。輸送石油的管道可能因斷層或山體滑坡而斷裂，導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的石油泄漏。大型油輪(油輪)發(fā)生碰撞或意外擱淺(比如1989年在阿拉斯加附近發(fā)生的那次)，可能會(huì)造成海上浮油。海上平臺(tái)也可能失去石油，造成浮油漂到岸上，污染海灘，損害環(huán)境。有時(shí)候，油田的地面會(huì)隨著石油的開采而下沉。加利福尼亞長(zhǎng)灘附近的威爾明頓油田50年來已經(jīng)下沉了9米;為了防止海水淹沒該地區(qū)，必須建立防護(hù)屏障。最后，石油及其產(chǎn)品的精煉和燃燒會(huì)造成空氣污染。然而，先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和嚴(yán)格的法律正在幫助控制這些不利的環(huán)境