托福寫作Details支持Opinions的常見方法

本期新通教育西安托福寫作老師王歡將為同學(xué)們講解托福寫作Details支持Opinions的常見方法，希望能給同學(xué)們帶來(lái)幫助。

Details其實(shí)可以認(rèn)為是Opinions的解釋，即論據(jù)。那么我們一起看下details適合支持你的觀點(diǎn)的方法。

1)列舉分類

列舉分類是說(shuō)明文、議論文最常見也是最容易的段落拓展方法之一。其主題句往往具有明顯的提示性，即出現(xiàn)復(fù)述名詞的頻率很高。比如主題句含有measures, types, categories, ways, methods, solutions等詞，宜用列舉方式發(fā)展段落，如出現(xiàn)kinds, types, categories等詞，宜用分類方式來(lái)發(fā)展段落。

Since the beginning of this year, the levels of air pollution in Beijing have been dangerously high, with thick clouds of smog chasing people indoors, disrupting air travel, and affecting the health of millions. The past two weeks have been especially bad -- at one point the pollution level measured 40 times recommended safety levels. Authorities are taking short-term measures to combat the current crisis, shutting down some factories and limiting government auto usage. However, long-term solutions seem distant, as China's use of coal continues to rise, and the government remains slow to acknowledge and address the problems.

(1).The traffic problems in this city can be solved in the following three ways.

(2).In our school, there are two commonly used tests to evaluate student’s overall ability.

(3).There are different groups of people who are working out in gyms.

(4).With the popularization of the Internet, the way we acquire knowledge becomes more diverse and flexible.

2)舉例論證

舉例論證是議論文中常見的論證方法。使用這種方法，要使用高質(zhì)量、貼切到位的例子。整個(gè)段落用一個(gè)例子的情況不是很多，舉例論證通常跟其他論證方法混合使用來(lái)證明一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，且多出現(xiàn)在次要的支持句中。

舉例論證包括：事實(shí)舉例;數(shù)據(jù)舉例;假設(shè)舉例;引用舉例

舉例論證的注意事項(xiàng)：舉的例子不超過(guò)2句話;少用或者不用中國(guó)諺語(yǔ);例子要能夠論證觀點(diǎn)且引起讀者共鳴;假如有讀者陌生的例子，則可用括號(hào)，定語(yǔ)從句，或者同位語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)解釋。

Learning is more effective if a lesson or experience is deliberately coupled with time spent thinking about what was just presented, a new study shows. In “Learning by Thinking: How Reflection Aids Performance,” a team of researchers from HEC Paris, Harvard Business School, and the University of North Carolina describe what they call the first empirical test (有根據(jù)的 adj.)of the effect of reflection on learning. By “reflection,” they mean taking time after a lesson to synthesize, abstract, or articulate the important points.

3)因果論證

因果論證(cause and effect)是除列舉外最常見的論證方法。如果主題句是以“因”出現(xiàn)的話，那么論證往往可以從“原因”來(lái)入手;相反，如果主題句式以“結(jié)果”出現(xiàn)的話，那往往可以從“結(jié)果”來(lái)討論;也有的主題句并沒(méi)有很明顯的區(qū)分。

寫作方法：

1.表示原因和結(jié)果的邏輯引導(dǎo)詞與狀語(yǔ)從句：Due to / because of /owing to / thanks to/ Because, as, since, for, so Therefore/as a result/ consequently/ as a consequence/ hence/thus

2.表示原因結(jié)果的短語(yǔ)：(A導(dǎo)致B)A cause B/ A leads to B/ A result in B, A gives rise to B/ A contributes B/ A accounts for B/A is accountable for B/ A is responsible to B(B是由A引發(fā)的) B is caused by A/ B results from A, B is owed to A, B is attributed/ attributable to A

3.伴隨狀語(yǔ)表示結(jié)果：American people are allowed to possess guns, contributing to a high percentage of campus shootings.

4.非限制定從表原因： The rainforests are shrinking at an alarming rate, which is mainly caused by human activities.

Yet, perhaps the strongest argument in favor of preserving endangered species is that all life has intrinsic value; even if endangered species are not useful to use in any practical way they should be preserved nevertheless. Further, given that we humans are responsible for destroying the natural habitat of many endangered animals(原因分析), we should make every possible effort to save them. (Also, because we people are destroying the homes of many rare animals species, we should try to save them.)

4)對(duì)比與比較

比較(comparison)往往是比較兩種事物之間的相似之處;而對(duì)比(contrast)則是比較兩種事物的不同之處。當(dāng)主題句中出現(xiàn)兩種事物的時(shí)候，既可以使用比較和對(duì)比法來(lái)拓展段落。

I prefer living the city center to living in the suburbs. Living in the city, we can save a lot of time on commuting, but if we live in the suburbs, we have to get up much earlier in order not to be late for work. While some may argue the city center is too noisy to live in, it provides great life convenience. We are within easy reach of different leisure facilities. In contrast(對(duì)比比較), the suburban life makes it hard us to get access to various forms of entertainment, namely less fun. When it turns to safety issue, the city center is definitely a better choice due to better neighbor watch and frequent police presence.

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