雅思閱讀：你不能不知道的信號(hào)詞

中國考生的一直處在四項(xiàng)考試中領(lǐng)先的位置，也就是說閱讀一直是中國考生比較有優(yōu)勢(shì)的一項(xiàng)，同比聽力、口語、寫作，閱讀考查的是同學(xué)們“動(dòng)手的能力”，眼疾手快是做閱讀的最高境界，在短短一個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)要完成三篇英文原版的文章，對(duì)普通的高中生或者是大學(xué)生都是有一定的困難。那么把握出題思路，熟悉閱讀題型，掌握做題技巧就成為最為關(guān)鍵的制勝法寶。

信號(hào)詞就好比是高速公路上的標(biāo)識(shí)牌，見到了它們，你就知道目的地距離自己的位置還有多遠(yuǎn)的距離，需要直走，還是拐彎。從而采取精讀或是跳讀掃讀等不一樣的方法和閱題技巧。下面我們就分析一下中信號(hào)詞對(duì)考點(diǎn)指示的微妙作用。

在介紹信號(hào)詞之前，我們先對(duì)它們進(jìn)行一下分類，信號(hào)詞能分為幾類呢?把劍橋3-7閱讀出現(xiàn)的與考點(diǎn)相關(guān)的信號(hào)詞分為兩大類：一個(gè)是傳統(tǒng)的信號(hào)詞;另一個(gè)就是非傳統(tǒng)的信號(hào)詞。

(一)傳統(tǒng)信號(hào)詞

一、 對(duì)比和轉(zhuǎn)折

例詞：however, but, although, nevertheless, on the other hand, by comparison…

考點(diǎn)：However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses。(C4, P66, T13主旨選擇題)

題目中出現(xiàn)了conclude的字眼，總結(jié)段落一般是在文章的最后，然而帶有轉(zhuǎn)折信號(hào)詞however 這句話，顯然就是文章的考點(diǎn)所在。

二、 順接和遞進(jìn)

例詞：also, furthermore, moreover, what is more, in addition…

考點(diǎn)：And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom…(C6, P28, T31找標(biāo)題)

解析：And 在這句話開頭，有一定的遞進(jìn)含義， this wisdom則是指代了前面一句話出現(xiàn)的their wealth of traditional knowledge(因紐特人傳統(tǒng)的知識(shí))，所以這兩句話有緊密的聯(lián)系，同學(xué)們?cè)谧x題的時(shí)候要通過發(fā)現(xiàn)信號(hào)詞，然后發(fā)散地看它的前后句，最后把考點(diǎn)考察的意思補(bǔ)充完整。

三、 時(shí)間先后

例詞：firstly, second, next, then, now, later, since, eventually, finally…

考點(diǎn)：Three factors are involved in this change. First is an awareness of the severity of the problem. Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in Britain…Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something. (C6, P94, T30選標(biāo)題)

解析：段落結(jié)構(gòu)很清楚，主要是因?yàn)橛斜磉_(dá)順序的信號(hào)詞First、second、third，讓我們認(rèn)識(shí)這段是在講，侍強(qiáng)凌弱這種現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)開始改變，主要是從三個(gè)方面入手：意識(shí)、資源、監(jiān)督。這種發(fā)展讓學(xué)校有了更多的方法和有效途徑解決存在的問題。這里的First、second、third提示我們?nèi)齻�(gè)方面，同時(shí)也是一個(gè)發(fā)展的過程。

四、 排列次序

例詞：another, the second, the most, the best…

考點(diǎn)：Most important of all, the traditional measures of ‘risk’, such as parents’ age and education, or whether they were a single parent, bore little or no relationship to the measures of achievement and language development。(C5, P63, T12判斷題)

解析：most important of all 強(qiáng)調(diào)了最重要的事情，也就是文中比較重要的結(jié)論要出爐了。Single parents是題目中的關(guān)鍵詞，同樣在這一句里出現(xiàn)了，我們可以利用對(duì)信號(hào)詞的敏感度，快速抓住文章的考點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行局部精讀。

五、 相似

例詞：similarly, in other words, that is, put another way…

考點(diǎn)：In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were ‘limits to growth’。(C4, P97, T32分類題)

解析：In other words 是解釋，換一種說法，通常會(huì)以更加簡單易懂，清晰的話語陳述出難點(diǎn)，常常難點(diǎn)是考點(diǎn)出沒的地方。

六、強(qiáng)調(diào)作用

例詞：in fact, in essence, in particular, emphasize…

考點(diǎn)：This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology- to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates…(C5, P21, T18信息包含題)

解析：信息包含題考察細(xì)節(jié)是在那個(gè)段落出現(xiàn)，在做此類題目時(shí)，要注意信號(hào)詞與考點(diǎn)的密切相關(guān)性，從而迅速找準(zhǔn)答案。這里出現(xiàn)了in essence (實(shí)質(zhì)上)， 起了一定的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，迅速掃讀后，發(fā)現(xiàn)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)了題目關(guān)鍵詞sociobiology, 破折號(hào)后面的介詞to是表目的與題目中的the general aim of一致對(duì)應(yīng)。

七、 因果關(guān)系

例詞：as, because, since, lead to, as a result, result in, consequently, therefore, thus, the caused of…

考點(diǎn)：The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities, which are destroying rainforests… (C4, P19,T11簡答題)

解析：這道簡答題的文本題就是問the reason for the loss of rainforests， 所以我們可以同通過原因信號(hào)詞，判斷考點(diǎn)的方位。

八、 舉例子和說明

例詞：for example, for instance, that is to say, i.e., such as, including…

考點(diǎn)： Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton…(C5, P39, T5流程圖)

解析：我們看到such as后面是舉例子，such as 后面的例子可以作為定位詞，woodflour, asbestos, cotton就是fillers的其中一種。Fillers 在這里就是一個(gè)概括性的詞語，常常是考點(diǎn)。

(二)非傳統(tǒng)信號(hào)詞

一、表達(dá)主觀觀點(diǎn)statements, opinions

例詞：say, believe, argue that, maintain that, claim…

考點(diǎn)：The UCSF researchers maintain that the simplest and most cost-effective action is to establish smoke-free work places, schools and public places. (C3, P20, T27分類題)

解析：這道分類題考察區(qū)分a finding和an opinion。表達(dá)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)(an opinion)帶有一定的主觀性，所用的信號(hào)詞顯然與客觀事實(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)(a finding)的有所區(qū)別。

二、表達(dá)客觀結(jié)論findings

例詞：indicate that, suggest that, find out, conclude that, point out, report that, demonstrate that…

考點(diǎn)：But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood。(C4, P50, T38配對(duì)題)

解析：配對(duì)題目是典型的人名和成果的配對(duì)，我們到文章中定位人名就比較好找到答案，可是人名出現(xiàn)的地方就一定是考點(diǎn)么?不見得。但是一旦表達(dá)客觀結(jié)論的信號(hào)詞與人名同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，就是考點(diǎn)出沒的地方了。

三、特殊符號(hào)

例詞： ‘word’, ——, word…

考點(diǎn)：In very significant cases of role change, e.g. from a soldier in the ranks to officer, from bachelor to married man, the change of role has to have a very obvious sign, hence rituals。(C3, P48, T37完成句子)

解析：文中斜體的部分其實(shí)就是考察的考點(diǎn)，不知道這個(gè)詞語的意思沒有關(guān)系，只要能判斷，需要填寫的單詞是斜體部分，照抄過來就可以輕松拿分。

通過我們上面陳列的兩大類信號(hào)詞：傳統(tǒng)的與非傳統(tǒng)的，我相信可以給備戰(zhàn)的烤鴨們一點(diǎn)寶貴的做題技巧，信號(hào)詞與考點(diǎn)是一對(duì)好朋友，所以常常信號(hào)詞出現(xiàn)的地方，考點(diǎn)都會(huì)在它的附近埋伏著，要留心哦!同時(shí)，要掌握每一類信號(hào)詞對(duì)文章段落的結(jié)構(gòu)起的作用和意義，這樣有利于我們對(duì)段落主旨、上下句關(guān)系快速的判斷，幫助解題。

部分的分?jǐn)?shù)經(jīng)過訓(xùn)練會(huì)有顯著的提高，所以現(xiàn)在閱讀部分比較薄弱的同學(xué)也不用著急，經(jīng)過，再加上自己的努力，部分成績相信會(huì)有很大的提升。如果同學(xué)們對(duì)于或培訓(xùn)有任何的疑問

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