如何安排好托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的結(jié)構(gòu)與布局？

一篇好的文章，在結(jié)構(gòu)上一定是清晰縝密布局合理的。那么如何安排好的結(jié)構(gòu)與布局呢？下面我們一起來(lái)看一下。

ETS對(duì)托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu)布局的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求是：“is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details.”我們可以注意到這里有兩個(gè)詞特別重要，就是organized和developed，一看就知道是這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的重點(diǎn)。那么這兩個(gè)詞語(yǔ)是什么意思呢，照例讓我們來(lái)先看一下英文上的解釋：

Organized: arranged or planned in a particular order or structure （以特定的結(jié)構(gòu)或者順序排列或者計(jì)劃文章）

Developed: to make an idea clearer by explaining it further （通過(guò)進(jìn)一步解釋一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)使之更清晰）

我們可以挨個(gè)來(lái)看，organization大家都知道是組織，說(shuō)這篇文章well organized就是說(shuō)它的文章布局很好，很有結(jié)構(gòu)感。相信大家都了解過(guò)，托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作我們基本上百分之九十九的情況都是會(huì)寫(xiě)成議論文的形式，那么一個(gè)好的結(jié)構(gòu)也會(huì)讓你的論述更加有說(shuō)服力。

這主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)維度：

第一個(gè)，是段落間的結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是整個(gè)文章最好是采用總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)。

這里我給出的結(jié)構(gòu)是中間段論述一般會(huì)采用三個(gè)段落，一般是前兩段是兩個(gè)理由段，第三段用一個(gè)讓步段使得文章更加全面客觀，當(dāng)然你也可以只寫(xiě)兩個(gè)理由段落，只要陳述清楚你的理由就好了。

最重要的第二點(diǎn)呢，就是段落內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是中間段、理由段的結(jié)構(gòu)，你要怎么開(kāi)始陳述你的理由。

看這個(gè)黃色的一塊，就是你需要有的結(jié)構(gòu)：主題句，次主題句，然后用example或者experience展開(kāi)。

那這個(gè)黑白的部分是說(shuō)的什么呢？就是讓步段，很多童鞋說(shuō)不知道讓步段是什么意思，其實(shí)之前我們舉過(guò)一個(gè)例子，就是“好人卡”嘛：你是一個(gè)好人，但是，我們不合適。

所以，所謂的讓步段就是你先說(shuō)一個(gè)反方的觀點(diǎn)，再來(lái)反駁反方的觀點(diǎn)，起到一個(gè)負(fù)負(fù)得正的作用，最后還是論證你的觀點(diǎn)。

比如你說(shuō)，我覺(jué)得高曉松比宋仲基歐巴帥，你會(huì)先說(shuō)高曉松為什么帥吧，因?yàn)槟樞。�皮膚好，365度無(wú)死角。那接下來(lái)你可能會(huì)說(shuō)其實(shí)仲基歐巴也挺帥的，只不過(guò)眼睛是單眼皮，不像高曉松是雙眼皮，所以還是高曉松帥。

玩笑開(kāi)完啦，說(shuō)完這個(gè)段落內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)，那么我們也就自然而然的可以過(guò)渡到什么樣的論述才是well developed的呢？

它主要體現(xiàn)在段落內(nèi)部（特別是中間理由段）的展開(kāi)，通過(guò)這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后半句話的補(bǔ)充，我們可以得出中間段落拓展的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：即主題句+解釋+舉例子。而這里面最重要的就是舉例子的時(shí)候一定要有細(xì)節(jié)支撐你的觀點(diǎn)！

比如我想說(shuō)小明擅長(zhǎng)抓蒼蠅,就不能說(shuō)因?yàn)樗�爸擅長(zhǎng)，他媽擅長(zhǎng)，而是要有細(xì)節(jié)體現(xiàn)，讓人看完有一種不明覺(jué)厲的感覺(jué)：

Xiao Ming excels others at catching flies. Gently and carefully, Xiao Ming got close to a fly, he positioned himself and shaped his right hand as a catcher. Then, he waited for a couple of seconds, and took a deep breath. Subsequently, he made his swiftly swinging, which led to a delighted result: he caught the constantly offending fly!

是不是有非常多的細(xì)節(jié)？看完以后有沒(méi)有不明覺(jué)厲的感覺(jué)？

所以在托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中就要寫(xiě)出盡可能多的細(xì)節(jié)，才能夠讓你的論述更加讓人信服。

我們可以再看一個(gè)正經(jīng)點(diǎn)的例子，有這樣一道真題：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

To improve the quality of education, universities should spend more money on salaries for university professors.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

那如果我覺(jué)得教授應(yīng)該拿高工資，我應(yīng)該怎樣論述呢？顯然，舉個(gè)例子是最簡(jiǎn)單的方法，但是怎么把這個(gè)例子寫(xiě)好可就大有講究了，讓我們看看下面這段：

Mr. Thompson was provided with a decent salary, which enabled him to rent a fantastic researching laboratory off campus and allowed him to hire three researching assistants. With these advantages, Mr. Thompson could efficiently conduct his experiments without being disturbed. No sooner had he been working in the university for 3 years, he began to excel others at the Game Theory, and could always churn out （艱苦地做出，大量炮制）up-to-date researching achievements on annual basis, making it possible for him to readily advance his career in socioeconomic analysis and gradually win an academic reputation for his university. Upon his success, many college graduates, and even experienced professors and associate professors in other universities, began to apply for positions in his university. Apparently, his university will become increasingly influential in the foreseeable future.

你可以看到這一段論述里就會(huì)有大量的細(xì)節(jié)，包括發(fā)了這些錢(qián)他可以用來(lái)做什么，包括他做出了很多成果，也包括他的成就對(duì)于其他人的影響。這樣一方面可以幫助你把文章寫(xiě)長(zhǎng)，另一方面也可以讓人更有身臨其境的說(shuō)服力。

那么好了，如果我想反過(guò)來(lái)論述，如果錢(qián)給少了，就不利于教授做科研了，是不是也可以寫(xiě)很多細(xì)節(jié)出來(lái)呢？讓我們來(lái)看看下面這個(gè)例子：

For example, Graham Currie, one of my father’s acquaintances, used to be an excellent young Computer Science teacher in Peking University. In the first three months after his entering in the university, he spent all his spare time in the school library and spared no effort in collecting and compiling relevant data: he wished to win a national fund and organize some of his students to design software for a local dam. However, Graham’s monthly income, some 4,500 RMB, failed to meet his expenses - 2,260 RMB for his mortgage loan, 2,500 RMB for his food, 350 RMB for electricity and water charges. Under such a circumstance, his mother suggested him to take a part-time job in a nearby educational institution, which promised to pay him 6,000 RMB per month for his weekend instruction. Graham followed his mother’s advice, and, from then on, he shifted his attention from academic researches to earthly affairs.

你看，這里面我們還做了一道簡(jiǎn)單的算術(shù)題：每個(gè)月賺4500元，花銷是多少呢？2260元的房貸加上2500元的伙食費(fèi)和350元的水電費(fèi)，一下子要花掉5000多，可不是入不敷出嗎？所以正是這些細(xì)節(jié)，讓你的文章論證更充分，內(nèi)容也更吸引人。

相信通過(guò)上面這些講述，大家對(duì)于托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作文章結(jié)構(gòu)組織有了更深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)。關(guān)注新通天津，我們還會(huì)有更多干貨技巧奉上，不要錯(cuò)過(guò)喲。

看完這些假如你還有疑問(wèn)，不妨點(diǎn)擊下面圖標(biāo)，與在線教師單獨(dú)溝通↓↓

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