舉例在托福獨(dú)立寫作中扮演著非常重要的角色,這在最新版《托福考試官方指南》的滿分評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中有著明確且充分的體現(xiàn):“Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details.”其中exemplifications正是“舉例”或“例證”之意;另外,details也即“細(xì)節(jié)”,而細(xì)節(jié)通常體現(xiàn)在具體的例子當(dāng)中——這一點(diǎn)進(jìn)一步說明了舉例的重要性。事實(shí)上,從備考托福獨(dú)立寫作的策略來說,舉例有三大好處:
一、真實(shí)可信。沒有具體例子,分論點(diǎn)就缺乏論據(jù),缺乏論據(jù),就缺乏可信度,導(dǎo)致論證不充分。
二、生動(dòng)有趣。沒有具體例子,文章將缺乏“畫面感”,大量的“講道理”只能讓文章讀起來味同嚼蠟。
三、充實(shí)飽滿。有相當(dāng)一部分托?忌铋_始練習(xí)托福獨(dú)立寫作的時(shí)候在30分鐘內(nèi)是寫不夠官方規(guī)定的300詞的,其中一個(gè)重要的原因就是沒有具體的例子,光是“假大空”的理論,使文章顯得十分干癟。
因此,備戰(zhàn)托福的考生們就應(yīng)當(dāng)在平時(shí)有意識、有針對性地練習(xí)舉例的思路,并且應(yīng)當(dāng)熟練掌握如何用地道、多樣的英語句型將這些例子陳述開來。就地道、多樣的英語句型而言,筆者在此主要跟大家談?wù)勅绾卫贸S玫呐e例詞匯引出所要舉的例子。筆者將根據(jù)自己長期的教學(xué)實(shí)踐,為大家總結(jié)五種類型的舉例詞匯,再結(jié)合舉例的兩種方法(描述現(xiàn)象與敘述故事),將這五類舉例詞匯細(xì)分為兩類。
首先,我們來討論在描述現(xiàn)象中會用到的舉例詞匯。描述現(xiàn)象就是羅列客觀存在的事實(shí),寫出人們所熟知的,經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在日常生活中的普遍現(xiàn)象,適合它的舉例詞匯一般有三種:such as與like,include與range from…to…以及for example與for instance。接下來,筆者結(jié)合實(shí)例來為大家一一分析。為了能更加直觀地展現(xiàn)舉例的這種方法,現(xiàn)以TPO26的獨(dú)立寫作題目為例,“孩子們選擇與父母相同的工作比選擇與父母不同的工作要好”,并且選擇agree(其實(shí)也可選擇disagree,但舉例方法大同小異,所以在此只討論agree的情況),假設(shè)孩子與父母一樣,都選擇教師這個(gè)職業(yè),并且提出可以從父母的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)中獲得“備課經(jīng)驗(yàn)與恰當(dāng)?shù)纳险n方法論”,這就是一個(gè)客觀存在的事實(shí),也即描述現(xiàn)象:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It is better for children to choose jobs that are similar to their parents’ jobs than to choose jobs that are very different from their parents’ jobs.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
現(xiàn)象一般可由以下三類詞匯引入,現(xiàn)在我們來逐一討論。
一、such as與like。用such as與like來舉例,是廣大考生比較熟悉的,但是在使用的時(shí)候需要注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1. 在such as與like之前是籠統(tǒng)的概念,后面跟具體的含細(xì)節(jié)的例子,如上面的expert guidance(專業(yè)指導(dǎo))就是籠統(tǒng)的概念,而help with course preparations and methodology for appropriate lesson giving就是具體的含細(xì)節(jié)的例子。
2. 用such as比用like正式,在正式場合,應(yīng)盡量使用such as。
3. such as中的as與like都是介詞,后跟名詞或動(dòng)詞的ing形式,如Activities such as rock climbing, bungee jumping and parachuting are extreme sports(攀巖,蹦極與跳傘都是極限運(yùn)動(dòng))。在托福寫作考試的過程中,單詞的詞性一定要慎重考慮,選擇單詞的正確詞性(動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞等)非常重要。
【參考例句】
1. Expert guidance such as help with course preparations and methodology for appropriate lesson giving may benefit children who are planning to be teachers.
2. Children are able to acquire from their parents expert guidance, like course preparations and methodology for appropriate lesson giving.
二、include與range from…to…。根據(jù)筆者的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),這兩種引入現(xiàn)象的方法并沒有被很多考生所掌握,特別是range from…to…?梢赃@樣說,能夠正確使用range from…to…的考生英語寫作基礎(chǔ)往往都是不錯(cuò)的。使用include與range from…to…,我們需要注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1. include與range from…to…可用作一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式,如例句1與3;也可用作ing形式,如例句2與4。
2. range from…to…通常表示范圍比較廣,如上面的ranging from course preparations to methodology for appropriate lesson giving,也就是說,從備課經(jīng)驗(yàn)到恰當(dāng)?shù)纳险n方法論(當(dāng)然還包括像如何對付調(diào)皮的學(xué)生,如何與學(xué)生家長配合讓學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效率最大化等方面),該有的都會有,“應(yīng)有盡有”。
3. 我們一定要有意識地學(xué)習(xí)并使用如range from…to…等更加高級的表達(dá)方式,而不是停留在自己已經(jīng)熟知的套路上。
【參考例句】
1. Parents’ expert guidance children will obtain includes course preparations and methodology for appropriate lesson giving.
2. Children will acquire from their parents expert guidance, including course preparations and methodology for appropriate lesson giving.
3. Expert guidance children will obtain from their parents ranges from course preparations to methodology for appropriate lesson giving.
4. Children will acquire from their parents expert guidance, ranging from course preparations to methodology for appropriate lesson giving.
三、for example與for instance。提到舉例,相信大部分考生都會第一時(shí)間想到for example或for instance,甚至有些考生一篇獨(dú)立寫作中有四五個(gè)for example,因?yàn)樵谕懈*?dú)立寫作中會有多個(gè)地方用到舉例。從常理來說,這樣不但會讓評分人產(chǎn)生“審美疲勞”,而且也給人以英語知識積累不多,犯“詞窮”之感!锻懈?荚嚬俜街改稀肥且罂忌讵(dú)立寫作中體現(xiàn)syntactic variety(句法多樣性)的。鑒于此,筆者建議盡量不要使用for example與for instance。但是,如果對這兩種表達(dá)情有獨(dú)鐘,非要使用不可,也是可以的,但需要注意以下幾點(diǎn)(for example與for instance同義,可互換):
1. 盡量將for example/for instance寫成插入語,這樣可以增加句法多樣性。
2. Take, for example/for instance, …就相當(dāng)于我們所熟悉的Take … for example/for instance。3. for example/for instance一般可插入到一個(gè)句子的主語與謂語之間。在例句2中,for instance就將主語parents who are teachers與謂語can give隔開了。
【參考例句】
1. Take, for example, expert guidance from their parents.Through discussions with their parents about problems and confusion concerning teaching, children are able to obtain help with course preparations and methodology for appropriate lesson giving.
2. Parents who are teachers, for instance, can give their children expert guidance on how to prepare courses and how to give lessons according to appropriate teaching methodology.
其次,我們來討論在敘述故事中會用到的舉例詞匯。敘述故事就是寫出真實(shí)發(fā)生的事件,這些事件可以是發(fā)生在其他人身上的,也可以是發(fā)生在自己身上的,適合它的舉例詞匯比較多,在此僅討論相對“高端”的兩種:illustrate與exemplify以及…deserves a special mention。為了能更加直觀地展現(xiàn)舉例的這種方法,現(xiàn)以TPO16的獨(dú)立寫作題目為例,“最佳的旅行方式是跟隨有導(dǎo)游的旅游團(tuán)”,并且選擇disagree(其實(shí)也可選擇agree,但舉例方法大同小異,所以在此只討論disagree的情況),理由是“導(dǎo)游會把游客帶到商品價(jià)格極高的紀(jì)念品店”,例子是my cousin Joseph的一段親身經(jīng)歷,這就是一個(gè)真實(shí)發(fā)生的事件,也即敘述故事:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
故事一般可由以下兩類詞匯引入,現(xiàn)在我們來逐一討論。
一、illustrate與exemplify。根據(jù)筆者的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),這兩個(gè)詞是大多數(shù)考生所不熟悉的,如果能將它們用好,必定會使文章增色不少,這兩個(gè)詞通常用來引人一個(gè)真實(shí)發(fā)生的事件,使用時(shí)需要注意以下幾點(diǎn)(illustrate與exemplify同義,可互換):
1. illustrate 與exemplify都是及物動(dòng)詞,它們的賓語都是表“觀點(diǎn)”的詞,如point等。
2. 為了體現(xiàn)句法多樣性,with可用by替換,the case of可用the example of與the story about等表達(dá)進(jìn)行替換,但要注意它們所用介詞的不同。
3. exemplify被很多的考生拼錯(cuò),寫成examplify——它與example不同,是以exe-開頭的,而不是exa-。偶爾的拼寫錯(cuò)誤不傷大雅,但是很多的拼寫錯(cuò)誤很有可能導(dǎo)致失分。
【參考例句】
Tourists are likely to be taken by tour guides to stores where souvenirs are extremely expensive. I will illustrate/exemplify this point with the case of my cousin Joseph, who last year went on a guided tour with a group of approximately 20 people to France. When they finished visiting the Eiffel Tower, the tour guide took them to a souvenir store nearby. Joseph bought a miniature Eiffel Tower there for 100 dollars, which was too expensive.
當(dāng)然,也可以選擇被動(dòng)語態(tài),主動(dòng)被動(dòng)換著使用,寫成:
Tourists are likely to be taken by tour guides to stores where souvenirs are extremely expensive. This point can be illustrated/exemplified with the case ofmy cousin Joseph, who last year went on a guided tour with a group of approximately 20 people to France. When they finished visiting the Eiffel Tower, the tour guide took them to a souvenir store nearby. Joseph bought a miniature Eiffel Tower there for 500 dollars, which was too expensive.
二、…deserves a special mention。根據(jù)筆者的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),這個(gè)表達(dá)也是大多數(shù)考生所不熟悉的,如果能用好它,文章一定會顯得高大上,這個(gè)表達(dá)通常也用來引人一個(gè)真實(shí)發(fā)生的事件,使用時(shí)需要注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1. 在…deserves a special mention中,a可以省略,寫成…deserves special mention。
2. 為了體現(xiàn)句法多樣性,when it comes to…可用speaking of…等表達(dá)進(jìn)行替換。
3. 也可結(jié)合上面提到的語言點(diǎn),寫成The case of…/The example of…/The story about…deserves a special mention,后跟具體的事件即可;由于主語是第三人稱單數(shù),因此deserve也要相應(yīng)地使用第三人稱單數(shù),這是非常簡單的問題,但往往被相當(dāng)一部分考生所忽略,因此造成失分,非?上А
【參考例句】
When it comes to being taken by tour guides to stores where souvenirs are extremely expensive, my cousin Joseph deserves a special mention. He last year went on a guided tour with a group of approximately 20 people to France. When they finished visiting the Eiffel Tower, the tour guide took them to a souvenir store nearby. Joseph bought a miniature Eiffel Tower there for 500 dollars, which was too expensive.
現(xiàn)在我們來稍作總結(jié)。在托福獨(dú)立寫作中,舉例通常有兩種方法共五類舉例詞匯,其中描述現(xiàn)象有三類詞匯:such as/like,include/range from…to…以及for example/for instance;敘述故事有兩類詞匯:illustrate/exemplify以及…deserves a special mention。需要特別注意的是,無論是哪種方法,都要有細(xì)節(jié)描寫,我們可以用“刨根問底找畫面感”的方法實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。正如上面所提到的expert guidance,它只是一個(gè)籠統(tǒng)的概念,如果寫到這里戛然而止,就會給人以蜻蜓點(diǎn)水,隔靴搔癢的感覺,這時(shí)不妨刨根問底一下——expert guidance到底有哪些呢?這樣就可以比較順暢地寫出help with course preparations and methodology for appropriate lesson giving,讓論證真正落到實(shí)處。相同的道理,上面提到的my cousin Joseph的經(jīng)歷,如果只說he went on a guided tour to France/the tour guide took them to a souvenir store/Joseph bought a very expensive souvenir,就沒有畫面感。但是,如果加上last year/with a group of approximately 20 people/bought a miniature Eiffel Tower there for 500 dollars等細(xì)節(jié),一段法國巴黎之旅才“有鼻子有眼”,具體且生動(dòng),有可讀性。
最后,重申一下在托福獨(dú)立寫作中舉例的重要性:真實(shí)可信、生動(dòng)有趣、充實(shí)飽滿。上述舉例的兩種方法共五類詞匯是筆者在長期的實(shí)際教學(xué)中總結(jié)出來的,只要把關(guān)鍵詞與句式記熟,再輔以適當(dāng)?shù)木毩?xí),完全掌握是沒有太大問題的。但是,寫作就像蓋房子一樣,關(guān)鍵詞與句式只是鋼筋結(jié)構(gòu),起著框架性的作用,換句話說,光掌握關(guān)鍵詞與句式是不夠的——要想在托福獨(dú)立寫作中取得高分,準(zhǔn)確的用詞、過硬的語法基礎(chǔ)都是不可或缺的,希望大家能夠在平時(shí)多加積累與練習(xí),為備戰(zhàn)托福打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
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