英語構(gòu)詞法與單詞記憶(二)
對(duì)于許多中國學(xué)生來說,最常遇到的問題便是詞匯記憶。實(shí)際上英語跟漢語一樣,也有自己的“偏旁部首”和字根,英語構(gòu)詞法和漢語構(gòu)詞法有很多共性的地方。用英語構(gòu)詞法來記英語單詞,做到事半功倍,記得準(zhǔn)確,而且不容易遺忘。構(gòu)詞法可以分為四個(gè)部分:派生法、合成法、轉(zhuǎn)化法和縮略法。上一節(jié)我們已經(jīng)介紹了派生法中的前綴。這一節(jié),主要為大家介紹后綴。掌握這些詞綴,能夠幫助學(xué)生加快單詞記憶速度。這里,為大家總結(jié)了常見的詞綴,方便學(xué)習(xí)。
① 名詞后綴:
a. 具有某種職業(yè)或動(dòng)作的人:
-er 表示“從事某種職業(yè)的人, 某地區(qū),地方的人”: observer, Londoner, villager singer,
-ee 表示“動(dòng)作承受者”:employee, examinee, payee , interviewee
-or 表示“……者”:author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator
-an, -ian, -ician 表示“……地方的人,精通……的人”:American, historian,technician,
-ant,-ent 表示“……人”:merchant, servant, assistant, agent, student,
-eer 表示“從事于……人”:engineer, volunteer
-ar, -ary 表示“……的人, 從事……的人”:scholar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary
-ese 表示“ ……國人,……地方的人”:Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese
-ess 表示“陰性人稱名詞”:actress , hostess , manageress
-ist 表示“從事……研究者,信仰……主義者”:pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist,
-icist 表示“……家, ……者, ……能手”:physicist , technicist
-logist 表示“……學(xué)家,研究者”:biologist, geologist
b. 構(gòu)成具有抽象名詞的含義:
-ancy, -ency 表示“性質(zhì),狀態(tài),行為,過程”:frequency , urgency , efficiency
-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion 表示“行為的過程,結(jié)果,狀況”:suggestion, action, solution,
-age 表示“狀態(tài),行為,身份及其結(jié)果,總稱”:courage, storage, marriage, percentage
-al 表示“事物的動(dòng)作,過程”:refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval, trial, burial
-ance, -ence 表示“性質(zhì),狀況,行為,過程,總量,程度”:importance, distance, avoidance, appearance, performance, diligence, difference, obedience, absence, presence, existence
-ity 表示“性質(zhì),狀態(tài),程度”:purity, reality, equality
-bility 表示“動(dòng)作,性質(zhì),狀態(tài)”:ability, possibility, probability, responsibility
-dom 表示“等級(jí),領(lǐng)域,狀態(tài)”:freedom, kingdom, wisdom
-ery, -ry 表示“行為,狀態(tài),習(xí)性,性質(zhì)”:bravery, slavery
-hood 表示“資格,身份, 年紀(jì),狀態(tài)”:childhood, girlhood, boyhood, manhood
-ice 表示“行為,性質(zhì),狀態(tài)”:notice, justice, service
-ing 表示“動(dòng)作的過程,結(jié)果”:building, writing, learning
-ment 表示“行為,狀態(tài),過程,手段及其結(jié)果”:disappointment, treatment, movement,
-ness 表示“性質(zhì),狀態(tài),程度”:goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness, business, illness,
-ism 表示“制度,主義,學(xué)說,信仰,行為”:socialism, criticism, heroism, tourism,
-ship 表示“情況,性質(zhì),技巧,技能及身份,職業(yè)”:hardship, relationship, membership,
-th, 表示“動(dòng)作,性質(zhì),過程,狀態(tài)”:strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth,
-ure 表示“行為,結(jié)果”:exposure, pressure, failure, procedure , mixture
-craft 表示“工藝”:aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraft
c. 帶有場所,地方的含義:
-age 表示“住所,地點(diǎn)”:village, cottage
-ary 表示“住所,場地”:library, granary
-ory 表示“工作場所,住處”:factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory
② 形容詞后綴:
a. 帶有“屬性,傾向,相關(guān)”的含義:
-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable,
-al: natural, additional, educational, national
-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent
-ing(表示特征:令人覺得): moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing ,
-ed(表示情緒:覺得): pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined,
-ish: foolish, bookish, selfish
-ive: active, impressive, decisive, active, instructive, expensive, progressive
b. 表示“相象,類似”的含義:
-ish: boyish, childish
-like: manlike, childlike
-some: troublesome, handsome
-y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy, healthy, wealthy, worthy, bloody, funny, dirty,
-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly,
c. 表示“充分的”含義:
-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful,
-ous: dangerous, courageous, nervous, mountainous, humorous, various
d. 表示方向的含義:
-ern: eastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern, northwestern
-ward: downward, forward
f. 表示“數(shù)量關(guān)系”的含義:
-teen: thirteen
-ty: fifty
-th: fourth, fiftieth
g. 表示國籍,語種,宗教的含義:
-an: Roman, European
-ese: Chinese, Japanese
-ish: English, Spanish
h. 表示否定:
-less: countless, stainless, wireless, useless, endless, priceless, hopeless
③ 動(dòng)詞后綴:
-ize, ise 表示“做成,變成,……化”:modernize , democratize , organize, apologize, realize
-en 表示“使成為,引起,使有”:quicken, weaken, soften, harden
-fy 表示“使……化, 使成”:beautify, purify , intensify, signify, simplify
④ 副詞后綴:
-ly: possibly, swiftly, simply
-ward(s): downward, inwards, upward
-ways: always, sideways
-wise: otherwise, clockwise