邏輯在托福閱讀句子簡(jiǎn)化題中的運(yùn)用

中有一類很多同學(xué)不是很喜歡的題型：句子簡(jiǎn)化題。

這個(gè)題型每篇文章會(huì)有一道題，三篇文章就是三道題。這個(gè)題型之前都會(huì)有一個(gè)題目要求：Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 問(wèn)的是哪一個(gè)最好的表達(dá)了高亮句子的必要的信息。而且同時(shí)點(diǎn)明了錯(cuò)誤信息的錯(cuò)誤原因：錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)要么以重要的方式改變了句子的意思要么遺漏了必要的信息。這個(gè)題目要求其實(shí)是非常抽象的，很多同學(xué)都會(huì)糾結(jié)哪些屬于必要信息，哪些屬于不必要的信息。而原句加上四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都比較長(zhǎng)，很多同學(xué)也會(huì)花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間去做這個(gè)題型。然而常常看了很久最終選出來(lái)的答案還是不對(duì)，或者會(huì)糾結(jié)其中的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，非常猶豫。

其實(shí)這個(gè)題型是絕對(duì)不能光看句意去做的，尤其不能因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)原文的某些信息就予以排除，因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)都是比原文短的，不可能體現(xiàn)出原文全部的意思。那么有些同學(xué)會(huì)利用主謂賓抽取主干的方式去做題，可不可取呢？我們舉個(gè)例子來(lái)看一下。 

Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups.

A.Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.

B.Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.

C.Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.

D.Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.

原句的主干非常簡(jiǎn)單：Learning appropriate social behavior is important. 而我們根據(jù)這個(gè)主句去選項(xiàng)里選擇，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的選項(xiàng)都出現(xiàn)了monkeys，顯然不能只看主句進(jìn)行選擇。

在這里給大家介紹句子簡(jiǎn)化題利用邏輯解題的思路，這個(gè)方法叫做邏輯方法論。首先給大家回顧一下有哪些邏輯關(guān)系。邏輯關(guān)系主要有因果，轉(zhuǎn)折，比較，最高這幾種，各自對(duì)應(yīng)自己常用的邏輯詞，需要考生做到心中有數(shù)并且能夠快速識(shí)別。我們今天拿比較典型的因果邏輯來(lái)舉例，所以先給大家復(fù)習(xí)一下因果邏輯常用的邏輯詞： 

比較常用的顯性因果邏輯詞：

since ,as a result,result in, result

from,hence,subsequently,responsible for,thanks to, because(of), therefore,reason,in that, cause,thus, factor, so, consequence,explanation,owing to, outcome,consequently,account for,due to,

比較隱晦含蓄較難看出來(lái)的隱性因果邏輯詞：

 1.發(fā)展促進(jìn)類：enable,stimulate,motivate,prompt,encourage,perfect,help,contribute to

2.導(dǎo)致類：

 give rise to, induce, trigger,breed,engender, make,produce,  so……that，such……that

3. 影響破壞類：affect,impact,damage,ruin,interfere,destroy

4.由來(lái)類：come from,initiate from, derive from,stem from,

5.關(guān)聯(lián)類：is associated with, accompany,is linked to, is tied with,have to do with,relevance

6.考慮到，依賴類：according to, depend on,rely on

7. 條件關(guān)系：if, when,as,

8.介詞：by, from

那么什么是邏輯方法論呢？本質(zhì)是利用原文和選項(xiàng)邏輯的一致性：原句中有什么邏輯，正確選項(xiàng)必須有該邏輯，沒(méi)有這個(gè)邏輯的選項(xiàng)一定是錯(cuò)誤的，原句中沒(méi)有這種邏輯，擅自加上這種邏輯的選項(xiàng)一定是錯(cuò)誤的，可以予以排除。句子簡(jiǎn)化題只能簡(jiǎn)化意思，不能簡(jiǎn)化邏輯,也不能增加邏輯。

下面我們說(shuō)一說(shuō)邏輯方法論的解題步驟：

1.通讀全句，尋找邏輯詞，確定邏輯詞是否體現(xiàn)邏輯關(guān)系

（不是出現(xiàn)邏輯詞就有邏輯關(guān)系）

注意：因果和轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯詞必須能把原句分成兩句話，不能是半句話內(nèi)部的小因果小轉(zhuǎn)折。

2.排除多出來(lái)邏輯的選項(xiàng)，暫時(shí)排除沒(méi)有原句邏輯的選項(xiàng)

3.利用邏輯承接對(duì)象以及句意，最終選定答案

我們來(lái)看這個(gè)例子：

Hierarchies that did not exist in earlier foraging groups but that were helpful in structuring cooperative labor and in organizing more-complex technologies probably became established, even before domestication and agriculture, as pre-Neolithic societies before the tenth millennium B C E reacted to the population increase.

A. The appearance of domestication and agriculture brought about the need for more hierarchically organized systems of labor and technologies among pre-Neolithic foraging societies.

B. The formation of social hierarchies meant that domestication and agriculture became less important than labor and technical development to the growth of pre-Neolithic societies.

C. Population increases among pre-Neolithic societies, even before domestication and agriculture, probably resulted in social hierarchies that helped organize labor and technologies.

D. Hierarchies that developed among foraging group pre-Neolithic societies respond to later population increases caused domestication and agriculture.

原句中的邏輯有but, as，一個(gè)表示轉(zhuǎn)折，一個(gè)表示因果。但是but是前半句話內(nèi)部的邏輯詞，所以并不是我們句子簡(jiǎn)化題里需要考慮的邏輯。而as可以把整個(gè)句子切分成兩塊，as后面連接的是原因部分，因此這個(gè)題只需要考慮as就行。再去看四個(gè)選項(xiàng)里的邏輯，A選項(xiàng)有brought about，C選項(xiàng)有result in, D選項(xiàng)有cause.接下來(lái)我們利用邏輯的承接對(duì)象，先核實(shí)原句比較短的原因部分as pre-Neolithic societies before the tenth millennium B C E reacted to the population increase而ACD三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中原因部分吻合的只有C選項(xiàng)。我們?cè)偃ズ藢?shí)C選項(xiàng)的結(jié)果部分是否和原文的結(jié)果部分的句意吻合，最終確定C選項(xiàng)是對(duì)的，所以這個(gè)題目選C。

按照邏輯方法論，我們就可以輕輕松松的解決句子簡(jiǎn)化題，做到快速清晰的解題。

看完這些假如你還有疑問(wèn)，不妨點(diǎn)擊下面圖標(biāo)，與在線教師單獨(dú)溝通↓↓

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