托福閱讀題速度上不去可能是這些套路你不知道

2018-06-01 來(lái)源：互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 作者：閱讀量：手機(jī)閱讀

導(dǎo)讀

很多同學(xué)總是覺得托福閱讀篇幅太長(zhǎng)，總是看不完、做不完題。那么為了幫助同學(xué)們短時(shí)間內(nèi)提高托福閱讀的分?jǐn)?shù)，今天我們就來(lái)介紹一種托福閱讀的推理方法——反義推理。

時(shí)常聽到考生抱怨太長(zhǎng)，看不完，不知如何提升閱讀速度。一般這種問(wèn)題有兩方面原因：一、英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)比較差，看不懂；二、英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)還行，但是在技巧上有問(wèn)題，搞懂單句是沒有問(wèn)題的，但是無(wú)法對(duì)整篇文章上下文聯(lián)系。

提升速度并非一蹴而就，是一個(gè)需要長(zhǎng)期練習(xí)的過(guò)程。為了讓考生們能夠在短時(shí)間內(nèi)提高閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)，我們來(lái)試試對(duì)比一些方法來(lái)高效的發(fā)現(xiàn)題目的切入點(diǎn)并且解決問(wèn)題拿到數(shù)。

我們來(lái)直接看題：

A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferredfrom paragraph 1?

•It excludes interactions betweenmore than two species.

•It makes it less likely for specieswithin a community to survive.

•Its significance to the organizationof biological communities is small.

•Its role in the structure ofbiological populations is a disruptive one.

托福閱讀推理方法

解法1：

看遇到這種題目的時(shí)候，考生一般會(huì)先把文章看完，有的甚至?xí)g一遍，認(rèn)為全文理解了，選對(duì)答案也不在話下。確實(shí)這是最靠譜的做法，但是這種情況往往會(huì)遇到一個(gè)問(wèn)題，就是考試時(shí)間有限，無(wú)法在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)讀懂文章并且完成題目。所以基礎(chǔ)稍微差一些的考生們盡量不要使用這種方法。

解法2：

采用定位的規(guī)律

• 題干關(guān)鍵詞：commensalism

• 文中定位點(diǎn)：There are three main types ofsymbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism,and mutualism.有三種共生關(guān)系：寄生、共生、互利共棲。說(shuō)的是題干關(guān)鍵詞本身的內(nèi)容，無(wú)法對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)。

• 往后閱讀，理論上來(lái)說(shuō)讀到這里，就應(yīng)該能得到答案了，但是先看一下答案選項(xiàng)。

共生關(guān)系不包括超過(guò)兩個(gè)物種之間的相互作用

共生關(guān)系使得物種在生物團(tuán)體中難以生存

共生關(guān)系在生物群體中的重要性是小的

共生關(guān)系在生物結(jié)構(gòu)中的角色是引起混亂的

究竟應(yīng)該選哪個(gè)？

這里有一個(gè)小套路，把文章中的內(nèi)容和選項(xiàng)都理解后得到這樣的一個(gè)邏輯：

文章：第一個(gè)和第三個(gè)在一個(gè)生物團(tuán)體結(jié)構(gòu)中是重要的；意思是，所有的有機(jī)體居住在一起并且在特定的區(qū)域相互作用。

推理模式：第一個(gè)（寄生）和第三個(gè)（互利共棲）在一個(gè)生物團(tuán)體結(jié)構(gòu)中是重要的→第二個(gè)（共生）是不重要的

所以選C

這個(gè)切入點(diǎn)你發(fā)現(xiàn)了嗎？

但是這樣分析題目，有什么實(shí)際的意義？這篇文章的核心內(nèi)容是：希望大家能快讀的發(fā)現(xiàn)題目中的切入點(diǎn)并且能夠解決問(wèn)題。于是，對(duì)于這道題來(lái)說(shuō)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)能夠廣泛使用的規(guī)律，比起選出正確答案更有意義：

聊聊剛才在題目中的推理模式：第一個(gè)（寄生）和第三個(gè)（互利共棲）在一個(gè)生物團(tuán)體結(jié)構(gòu)中是重要的→第二個(gè)（共生）是不重要的。

這個(gè)推理模式叫做反義推理，是托福閱讀推理題常用的推理模式，并且在細(xì)節(jié)題、否定事實(shí)信息題和判斷其他題型錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候經(jīng)常使用。反義推理的核心來(lái)自于歸約，意思是當(dāng)未知量與已知量看上去無(wú)法匹配的時(shí)候，在二者之間搭上一個(gè)橋梁來(lái)使得找答案變得更簡(jiǎn)單。

讓我們來(lái)看看類似題目中用到反義推理的高效表現(xiàn)

With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers.On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that mighthave indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid,shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be wind blown silt.

4．Which of the following can beinferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?

•It did not contain any marine fossil.

•It had formed in open-ocean conditions.

•It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.

•It contained sediment from nearby deserts.

解析：

一樣的套路

• 題干關(guān)鍵詞：the solid gypsum layer

• 文中定位點(diǎn)：Sediment above and below the gypsumlayer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.

• 利用反義推理：在石膏層上面和下面的沉積層中包含小海洋化石→石膏層不包含海洋化石

所以選A

托福閱讀技巧

而在我們熟練了在一個(gè)完整概念下不同因素之間的反義推理后（例如整體是【A,B,C】, 文中說(shuō)AB重要?jiǎng)tC不重要，AB有東西則C沒有），將完整概念拓展到時(shí)間點(diǎn)前后區(qū)分概念會(huì)使得做題變得更加的簡(jiǎn)單：

【Paragraph 2】Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization concealsa host of paradoxes. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano ororgan to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances,spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate auralpresentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi(narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musicalcompositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the UnitedStates. In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of TheBattleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austriancomposer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image;the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wideinternational fame.

5. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf?

•The film was not accompanied by sound before its Berlin screening.

•The film was unpopular in the Soviet Union before it was screened in Berlin.

•Eisenstein’s film was the first instance of collaboration between a director and a composer.

•Eisenstein believed that the musical score in a film was as important as dialogue.

解析：

• 題干關(guān)鍵詞：Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf，大寫字母很容易找

• 文中定位點(diǎn)：In Berlin, for the premiereperformance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film directorSergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on amusical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live musichelped to bring the film its wide international fame.

• 利用反義推理：在柏林首次公演→在柏林之前沒有演過(guò)

所以選A

看上去滿滿的都是套路啊，你們都get到了嗎？

看完這些假如你還有疑問(wèn)，不妨點(diǎn)擊下面圖標(biāo)，與在線教師單獨(dú)溝通↓↓

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