結(jié)合考情分析托福閱讀備考的難點(diǎn)及技能

4月托�？荚囋诩矗�不知道大家都做好準(zhǔn)備沒(méi)?大家在備考托福閱讀的過(guò)程中是不是也遇到了許多困惑？下面我們將以考情為基礎(chǔ)，為大家解析托福閱讀備考的難點(diǎn)及所需技能。

 一、的難點(diǎn)

說(shuō)到托�？荚嚕�很多考生的感覺(jué)就是相比同級(jí)別的雅思考試難，那么，就這個(gè)單項(xiàng)而言，它難在哪里呢？說(shuō)到底，托福是一門語(yǔ)言能力的測(cè)試，而文章、題型、考試模式都只是外在的形式，對(duì)于托福而言也有一個(gè)福音那就是考察的都是選擇題的形式，那么我們首先看看它的題型包括哪些：

從題型以及實(shí)際考情，我們?yōu)榭忌鷤兛偨Y(jié)出具體的難點(diǎn)如下：

1. 詞匯

對(duì)于詞匯，筆者經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到學(xué)生們抱怨自己詞匯量太少，或者學(xué)過(guò)的詞匯會(huì)忘等，其實(shí)，詞匯量少確實(shí)是硬傷，但除了“量”之外，我們還得保證“質(zhì)”，比如champion這個(gè)詞匯對(duì)于絕大多數(shù)考生來(lái)說(shuō)并不陌生，然而在近期的一次考試中，有位學(xué)生就遇到了這個(gè)被highlight的詞匯題，但是卻選不出來(lái)，原因在于他對(duì)于這個(gè)詞的印象只有感激這樣的含義，而縱觀選項(xiàng)并沒(méi)有可選的詞，所以就在糾結(jié)中錯(cuò)過(guò)了正選。翻閱詞典不難發(fā)現(xiàn)champion這個(gè)詞的含義還包括：支持，捍衛(wèi)，聲援（動(dòng)詞），因此答案為support。

由上，我們可以為各位考生歸結(jié)詞匯上的問(wèn)題，那就是在積累量的同時(shí)，絕對(duì)不能忽略一詞多義甚至多性，及其特定的語(yǔ)境，并且，詞匯的重要性當(dāng)然不止是體現(xiàn)在舉足輕重的詞匯題中，也是體現(xiàn)在中，成為閱讀中的基礎(chǔ)。 

2. 長(zhǎng)難句

我們知道，考察的本質(zhì)其實(shí)是四個(gè)字—閱讀理解，不得不提的就是長(zhǎng)難句，對(duì)于native speakers而言，他們?cè)陂喿x過(guò)程中直接在腦中呈現(xiàn)出畫(huà)面感，從而提取和轉(zhuǎn)化有效信息，而對(duì)于我們則多了一道語(yǔ)言的關(guān)卡，我們需要在腦中進(jìn)行加工再進(jìn)行理解，也就是在潛意識(shí)中的翻譯。

而對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句快速有效的理解恰恰是我們中最關(guān)鍵的一環(huán)，這首先會(huì)直接影響到解題的速度，因?yàn)槿绻�給我們足夠的時(shí)間，我們也許可以把文章看懂。同時(shí)，大多數(shù)的題目都與句子的正確理解有著直接的關(guān)聯(lián)，我們需要快速定位、比對(duì)選項(xiàng)和原文信息，其中推斷題還需要理解較深層次的含義，例如句子簡(jiǎn)化題：

The empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable and resistant to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time.

A. When snail or clam shells are left behind, they must be empty in order to remain durable and resist dissolution.

B. Although snail and clam shells are durable and resist dissolving, over time they slowly begin to change.

C. Although the soft parts of snails or clams dissolve quickly, their hard shells resist dissolution for a long time.

D. Empty snail or clam shells that are strong enough not to dissolve may stay in their original state for a long time.

【正確答案】D

【經(jīng)典錯(cuò)誤】A

【錯(cuò)誤原因】隱藏邏輯的情況比較容易出現(xiàn)在句子簡(jiǎn)化題當(dāng)中。雖然我們一直強(qiáng)調(diào)做這一題型時(shí)邏輯關(guān)系的發(fā)掘非常重要，但偶爾我們也會(huì)陷入到慣性思維，掉進(jìn)出題者的陷阱。比如這題同學(xué)們很容易排除掉B, C兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樵�句中不包含轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯。然后依據(jù)原句中的條件邏輯(if), 于是想當(dāng)然地選擇到A(when)。

【正確解析】如果我們仔細(xì)研究下A選項(xiàng)，就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)A選項(xiàng)中的條件與原句中的條件根本不是一回事：原句中的條件在A選項(xiàng)中變成了目的(in order to)。采取這樣的排除法，我們就能選擇到正確選項(xiàng)D了。當(dāng)然，從D選項(xiàng)本身出發(fā)，我們也能發(fā)掘出這個(gè)句子中隱藏的條件邏輯，即限制性定語(yǔ)從句that are strong enough not to dissolve。

其次就是插入句子題，例如：

In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself, there is the added factor of external influences, such as volcanoes and solar activity.■There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. ■Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. ■Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades. ■

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Indeed, the contribution of volcanoes and solar activity would more likely have been to actually reduce the rate of warming slightly.

Where would the sentence best fit?

【正確答案】D

【經(jīng)典錯(cuò)誤】A

【錯(cuò)誤原因】這道題同學(xué)們誤選A的原因其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單，就是看到要插入的句子中有volcanoes and solar activity就聯(lián)想到必須放在這組詞的后面。而A處似乎承接起來(lái)也問(wèn)題不大，于是就直接動(dòng)筆選擇了。

【正確解析】這里我們又忽略了一個(gè)隱藏邏輯’indeed’。這類表示‘事實(shí)上’的詞(in fact, actually, virtually...)雖然不是我們通常意義上的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞，但卻能在一定程度上表達(dá)出轉(zhuǎn)折或遞進(jìn)的含義，這種隱藏的邏輯起到的作用在插入文本題當(dāng)中尤其突出。所以如果我們能夠看出indeed在這里的承接關(guān)系，那么不論是轉(zhuǎn)折還是遞進(jìn)，我們都應(yīng)該知道，前文中必須提到和rate of warming相關(guān)的話題才能進(jìn)行插空，這樣的話D選項(xiàng)就不難選出了。

當(dāng)然，還有否定事實(shí)信息題的考察，例如：

The United States in the 1800’s was full of practical, hardworking people who did not consider the arts-from theater to painting-useful occupations. In addition, the public’s attitude that European art was better than American art both discouraged and infuriated American artists. In the early 1900’s there was a strong feeling among artists that the United States was long overdue in developing art that did not reproduce European traditions. Everybody agreed that the heart and soul of the new country should be reflected in its art. But opinions differed about what this art would be like and how it would develop. 

According to this paragraph, all of the following were true of American art in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s EXCEPT

A. Most Americans thought art was unimportant.

B. American art generally copied European styles and traditions.

C. Most Americans considered American art inferior to European art.

D. American art was very popular with European audiences.

【正確答案】D

【經(jīng)典錯(cuò)誤】A

【錯(cuò)誤原因】在解答否定事實(shí)信息題時(shí)，同學(xué)們通常采用的是排除核對(duì)的方法。于是在核對(duì)A選項(xiàng)時(shí)，就特別容易被文中這句’Everybody agreed that the heart and soul of the new country should be reflected in its art’所誤導(dǎo)，認(rèn)為每個(gè)人都同意美國(guó)的核心應(yīng)該反映在藝術(shù)上。

【正確解析】這里就產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)比較難的指代陷阱。文中的everybody到底是不是指的所有美國(guó)人呢？如果我們倒退到前一句就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這里僅僅指代了前一句中的artists，而沒(méi)有涵蓋全部的美國(guó)人。相反，在這段的開(kāi)頭就有提到在1800’s的美國(guó)充滿了務(wù)實(shí)肯干的美國(guó)人，他們認(rèn)為藝術(shù)是完全沒(méi)有用的職業(yè)。所以A選項(xiàng)的表達(dá)完全符合文意。再仔細(xì)核對(duì)，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)只有D選項(xiàng)是文中完全沒(méi)有提及的。  

3. 文段結(jié)構(gòu)及其他

除了句子語(yǔ)義的理解，還考察文段的結(jié)構(gòu)。

請(qǐng)看以下的例子：

【例題2】

【Paragraph 1】Since 1980, the use of wind to produce electricity has been growing rapidly. In 1994 there were nearly 20,000 wind turbines worldwide, most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3,000 megawatts of electricity. Most were in Denmark (which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind turbines) and California (where 17,000 machines produced 1 percent of the state’s electricity, enough to meet the residential needs of a city as large as San Francisco). In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three states—North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas.

【Paragraph 3】Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.

【Paragraph 4】Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.

Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?

A. They rely largely on coal-fired power plants.

B. They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.

C. Over 1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.

D. Wind farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.

【正確答案】B

【經(jīng)典錯(cuò)誤】D

【錯(cuò)誤原因】這道題選擇D對(duì)于很多同學(xué)來(lái)講，也是無(wú)奈之舉。因?yàn)槌鲱}段落實(shí)在太長(zhǎng)了，短時(shí)間內(nèi)根本無(wú)法找到正確的出路去解答這道題。于是D這個(gè)看起來(lái)最符合文章大意，最像答案的選項(xiàng)就自然成為同學(xué)們的第一選擇了。

【正確解析】其實(shí)，如果同學(xué)們仔細(xì)審題就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，題干里對(duì)大家的提示還是挺明顯的。首先從infer看出這是一道推理題，而推理的對(duì)象來(lái)自文章的第一段，但是答案應(yīng)該得出自文章的第三和第四段。于是我們就自然地找到這樣一條解題路徑：第一段定位推理對(duì)象—明確推理對(duì)象性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)—第三、四段綜合尋找有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)—將所有細(xì)節(jié)結(jié)合推論。按照這個(gè)思路，我們從第一段得知這些州都是適合風(fēng)力發(fā)電的地方，然后到三、四段找到適合風(fēng)力發(fā)電的地點(diǎn)具備in remote areas和with steady winds兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)（文中都有表示地點(diǎn)的詞作提示），最后將兩個(gè)信息點(diǎn)結(jié)合起來(lái)就可以推斷出B選項(xiàng)了。  

二、的技能總結(jié)

1. 知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)百勝之熟悉詞匯及背景

上文中我們提到，的詞匯題是有規(guī)律性且重復(fù)性極強(qiáng)的，比如含有”大量”這個(gè)語(yǔ)義的詞匯就在今年的考試中多次出現(xiàn)，因此，我們可以利用起托福詞匯題（大量重復(fù)考察）進(jìn)行不斷練習(xí)和熟悉，同時(shí)在練習(xí)過(guò)程中，不要孤立的選取詞義，而應(yīng)該在借助或確認(rèn)上下文的語(yǔ)義之后再進(jìn)行判斷，以避免我們上文說(shuō)的champion的問(wèn)題。

如果說(shuō)對(duì)于這些核心詞匯，我們應(yīng)該有全面而深刻的理解，那么對(duì)于另外一些所謂的話題詞，我們則只需要具備簡(jiǎn)單的中英互譯的能力即可，那么這些話題詞也就是來(lái)自于托福閱讀的背景，同時(shí)，我們也就需要熟悉常�？疾斓谋尘�。結(jié)合考情分析，統(tǒng)計(jì)出一下話題考查次數(shù)分布：

 2. 克服長(zhǎng)難句

長(zhǎng)難句是一個(gè)必須攻克的難關(guān)，而真正使其長(zhǎng)而難的問(wèn)題依然在于其基本的句法，那么，我們主要須熟悉及理解以下結(jié)構(gòu)：句子的主干、名詞性的修飾、動(dòng)詞性的修飾、插入語(yǔ)、句子的邏輯關(guān)系，打通以上幾點(diǎn)，我們就可以迅速而有效地理解句子，從而進(jìn)行篇章理解及解題。當(dāng)然，這必然需要考生進(jìn)行針對(duì)性的練習(xí)，在我們的備考過(guò)程中，除了日常積累詞匯以外，進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)難句的訓(xùn)練也是必要的，可以把TPO中較復(fù)雜的句子單獨(dú)找出來(lái)，也可以進(jìn)行文章的精讀訓(xùn)練，由此才能發(fā)現(xiàn)理解中的盲點(diǎn)，并且逐漸提高的速度和準(zhǔn)確度，并進(jìn)而提高對(duì)整篇文章及概括的理解能力。

3. 戰(zhàn)勝時(shí)間

凡是經(jīng)歷過(guò)實(shí)戰(zhàn)的考生都會(huì)感覺(jué)到時(shí)間是最大的敵人，因此，在備考的過(guò)程中，考生應(yīng)先行把速度提上來(lái)，進(jìn)行限時(shí)練習(xí)，任何不計(jì)時(shí)間成本的做題結(jié)果都是沒(méi)有參考價(jià)值的，而且容易養(yǎng)成慢的習(xí)慣。所以，寧愿正確率低也要先保證按時(shí)做題，而具體的分析可以放到題目做完之后進(jìn)行單獨(dú)總結(jié)。

綜上，我們簡(jiǎn)單回顧了托福閱讀中的難點(diǎn)以及大家在備考過(guò)程中需要培養(yǎng)的技能，希望能夠幫到大家。

看完這些假如你還有疑問(wèn)，不妨點(diǎn)擊下面圖標(biāo)，與在線教師單獨(dú)溝通↓↓

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