托福聽力lecture并列型分析

之前我們介紹了lecture的并列型結(jié)構(gòu)，一般是圍繞某一個主題并列平行展開去講解。這類結(jié)構(gòu)沒有之前我們見到的直線型結(jié)構(gòu)那么好區(qū)分，因為他沒有明顯的表示時間地點(diǎn)人物的信號詞，但是這種結(jié)構(gòu)類型是我們TPO和考試中出現(xiàn)的比較多的結(jié)構(gòu)類型。我們這次分析一篇按并列結(jié)構(gòu)分層的一篇文章
今天我們以TPO17-L1為例，給大家講解一下。
Good morning, ready to continue our review of prehistoric art? Today, we will be covering the Upper Paleolithic Period, which I am roughly defining as the period from 35,000 to 8,000 BC. A lot of those cave drawings you have all seen come from this period. But we are also be talking about portable works of art, things that could be carried around from place to place. 文章開始直接說道我們今天要講到portable works of art ，并且解釋了portable的意思Here is one example. This sculpture is called the Lady with the Hood1 , and it was carved from ivory, probably a mammoth’s tusk. Its age is a bit of a mystery. According to one source, it dates from 22,000 BC. But other sources claimed it has been dated closer to 30,000 BC. Amy?
Why don’t we know the exact date when this head was made? 緊接著提出問題，文章的中心內(nèi)容如何給這些藝術(shù)品確定年齡
That’s a fair question. We are talking about prehistory here. So obviously the artists didn’t put a signature or a date on anything they did. So how do we know when this figure was carved?
Last semester I took an archaeology class and we spent a lot time on, studying ways to date things. One technique I remember was using the location of an object to date it, like how deep it was buried.
That would be Stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is used for dating portable art. When archaeologists are digging at a site, they make very careful notes about which stratum(strata), which layer of earth they find things in. And, you know, the general rule is that the oldest layers are at the lowest level. But this only works if the site hasn’t been touched, and the layers are intact. 首先提出提議中解決這個問題的方法，Stratigraphy并且解釋了這個詞
A problem with this dating method is that an object could have been carried around, used for several generations before it was discarded. So it might be much older than the layer or even the site where it was found. The stratification technique gives us the minimum age of an object, which isn’t necessarily its true age. Tom, in your archaeology class, did you talk about radiocarbon dating? 但是緊接著就說出了這個方法的問題problem
Yeah, we did. That had to do with chemical analysis, something to do with measuring the amount of radiocarbon that’s left in organic stuff. Because we know how fast radiocarbon decays, we can figure out the age of the organic material. 這里出現(xiàn)了一個屏幕提示詞的解釋，也就是第二種確定藝術(shù)品年齡的方式
The key word there is organic. Is art made of organic material?
Well, you said the lady with the hood was carved out of ivory. That ’s organic.
Absolutely. Any other examples?
Well, when they did those cave drawings. Didn’t they use, like charcoal or maybe
colors, dyes made from plants?
Fortunately, they did, at least some of the time. So it turns out that radiocarbon
dating works for a lot of prehistoric art. But again there’s a problem. 符合之前的模式，這個方法同樣存在問題
This technique destroys what it analyzes, so you have to chip off bits of the object for testing. Obviously we are reluctant to do that in some cases. And apart from that, there’s another problems. The date tells you the age of the material, say, a bone or a tree, the object is made from, but not the date when the artist actually created it. So, with radiocarbon dating, we get the maximum possible age for the object, but it could be younger.
Ok, let’ s say our scientific analysis has produced an age range. Can we narrow it down?
 在前兩個方法都有問題的情況下，學(xué)生試著提出第三種方法，用藝術(shù)品的風(fēng)格去判斷
Could we look for similar styles or motives? You know, try to find things common to one time period.
We do that all the time. And when we see similarities in pieces of art, we assume some connection in time or place. But is it possible that we could be imposing our own values on that analysis? 雖然沒有出現(xiàn)problem這個詞但是通過BUT這個詞我們還是可以判斷出這個方法是有問題的。
I am sorry. I don’t get your point.
Well, we have all kinds of pre-conceived ideas about how artistic styles develop. For example, a lot of people think the presence of details demonstrates that the work was done by a more sophisticated artist. While a lack of detail suggests a primitive style. But trends in art in the last century or so certainly challenge that idea. Don’t get me wrong though, analyzing the styles of prehistoric art can help dating them. But we need to be careful with the idea that artistic development occurs in a straight line, from simple to complex representations.
What you are saying is, I mean, I get the feeling that this is like a legal process, like building a legal case, the more pieces of evidence we have, the closer we get to the truth.
Great analogy. And now you can see why we don’t have an exact date for our sculpture, the lady with the hood.
所以這篇文章雖然單詞比較生僻但是文章的層次非常明顯，提出三種給藝術(shù)品確定年齡的方式，并且每種法師都存在問題。