托福TPO38閱讀真題解析：Passage 1

TPO，即toefl Practice Online的首寫字母，就是托福在線練習的意思，TPO可以為考生提供全真的模擬考試環(huán)境和過往真題，而TPO題庫也是有著不斷的更新。在托福閱讀的備考過程中，除了大量的閱讀之外，全面了解托福閱讀的題型和解題方法也都是非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)。而對于很多備考托福的學生來說，TPO往往就是一個首先的備考材料。今天，小編就為大家?guī)�來托福TPO38閱讀真題解析：Passage 1。

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Ancient Athens

paragraph 1
1. According to paragraph 1, what happens to the light when a specimen is being viewed with a light microscope?
A. The light continues unchanged directly into the viewer's eye or onto film.
B. A glass lens bends the light to form a magnified image of the specimen.
C. The light is projected onto photographic film to produce a blurred image.
D. The intensity of the light increases a thousand times.
答案：B選項正確

解析：本題根據(jù)the light，specimen和a light microscope定位到第一段這幾句：The first microscopes were light microscopes, which work by passing visible light through a specimen. Glass lenses in the microscope bend the light to magnify the image of the specimen and project the image into the viewer's eye or onto photographic film. 第二句講了光學顯微鏡的原理，就是折射光以放大標本的圖像，并且把圖像投射到觀察者的眼睛里或者投射到膠卷上。選項B符合這句話的前半句，正確。選項A說光不需要折射直接進入人的眼睛，錯誤;選項C說投射到膠卷上的光形成模糊的影像，從后文我們知道不一定是模糊的，錯誤;選項D說光的強度增加了一千倍，無中生有，錯誤。選擇B。

paragraph 2
2. Why does the author mention "a telescope" as part of the discussion of microscopes?
A. To show how microscopes and telescopes are different.
B. To emphasize the importance of magnification in all optical devices.
C. To explain how the development of the microscope depended on the invention of the telescope.
D. To illustrate the concept of resolving power.
答案：D選項正確

解析：本題根據(jù)a telescope定位到第二段這兩句：Resolving power is the ability of an optical instrument to show two objects as separate. For example, what looks to the unaided eye like a single star in the sky may be resolved as two stars with the help of a telescope. 第一句講resolving power是什么，第二句用望遠鏡類比，幫助讀者理解這個概念。選項D正確。選項A說展示顯微鏡和望遠鏡的不同，選項B說說明光學設(shè)施中放大的重要性，選項C說解釋為什么顯微鏡的發(fā)展依賴于望遠鏡，都不對。選擇D。

3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. A light microscope has the power to greatly magnify a bacterium that is smaller than 0.2 micrometers.
B. A light microscope can only resolve objects 0.2 micrometers or larger, so it cannot show the interior form of a cell.
C. The smallest bacterium has a complex internal structure that can be seen with a light microscope.
D. The greater the magnifying power of a light microscope, the greater its ability to resolve the internal structure of a cell.
答案：C選項正確

解析：本題先找到高亮出來的句子：The light microscope cannot resolve detail finer than 0.2 micrometers, about the size of the smallest bacterium; consequently, no matter how many times its image of such a bacterium is magnified, the light microscope cannot show the details of the cell's internal structure. 這句話主干的意思大致是：光學顯微鏡的放大倍數(shù)有限，到了0.2毫米以后就不能放大細節(jié)了，以至于不論它能放大多少倍，我們都看不到細胞內(nèi)部的細節(jié)。選項C說光學顯微鏡只能看清楚0.2毫米更大的東西，不能展示細胞內(nèi)部，是本句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，正確。選項A 說光學顯微鏡可以看清楚比0.2毫米小的東西，選項C說最小的細菌的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)可以被光學顯微鏡看清，選項D說光學顯微鏡的放大能力越強，看清楚細胞內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的能力也越強，都不對。選擇C。

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paragraph 3
4. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the scientific contribution of Robert Hooke?
A. His discovery of cells resulted from the examination of animal tissue rather than plant tissue.
B. He was the first person to develop and explain cell theory.
C. He discovered cells using a light microscope.
D. The full significance of his work was first understood in the mid-nineteenth
century.
答案：C選項正確

解析：本題題干關(guān)鍵詞是Robert Hooke，定位回第三段這一句：From the year 1665, when English microscopist Robert Hooke discovered cells, until the middle of the twentieth century, biologists had only light microscopes for viewing cells. 本句大意是從1665到20世紀中期，只有光學顯微鏡。所以在這個時期里的Robert Hooke用的也是光學顯微鏡發(fā)現(xiàn)了細胞。選項C正確。選項A和D原文中都沒有提到過，選項B說的develop和explain原文中也沒有提，只是發(fā)現(xiàn)。這三個選項都不對。選擇C。

paragraph 4
5. The word "giant" in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Huge
B. expected
C. complex
D. Sudden
答案：A選項正確

解析：本題根據(jù)所考察的詞匯定位到原文中這一句：Our knowledge of cell structure took a giant leap forward as biologists began using the electron microscope in the 1950s. 本句的大意是：我們對于細胞結(jié)構(gòu)認識的跨越在生物學家在1950年左右開始用電子顯微鏡后實現(xiàn)了大的跨越。此處giant的含義是巨大的。選項A是巨大的，選項B是期待的，選項C是復雜的，選項D是突然的。選項A最符合giant的意思，選擇A。

6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of electron microscopes?
A. They do not use light to magnify and resolve objects.
B. They can magnify the internal structure of a single atom.
C. Their earliest versions were not significantly more powerful than light microscopes.
D. They had to be modified extensively for their use in biology research.
答案：A選項正確

解析：本題需要根據(jù)electron microscope定位到第四段這一句：Instead of light, the electron microscope uses a beam of electrons and has a much higher resolving power than the light microscope. 本句的大致意思是電子顯微鏡使用一束電子而不是光束，它具有比光學顯微鏡更高的分辨能力。選項A說電子顯微鏡不用光束，正確。其余三個選項都沒有提到。選擇A。

7. The word "detect" in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. change
B. reveal
C. combine
D. Enlarge
答案：B選項正確

解析：本題根據(jù)所考察單詞定位到本文中這一句：Only under special conditions can electron microscopes detect individual atoms. 本句大意是：只有在特定情況下，電子顯微鏡才可以探測出單個的原子。detect在本句里的意思是探測。選項A是改變，選項B是揭露，選項C是結(jié)合，選項D是變大。選項B最貼合detect的意思。選擇B。

paragraph 5
8. According to paragraph 5, what is the role of metal in the scanning electron microscope?
A. It magnifies the light that passes through the cells.
B. It coats the surface of cells with protective cover.
C. It enables the production of images showing the surface structure of cells.
D It reveals details hidden underneath the surfaces of cells.
答案：C選項正確

解析：本題題干給出的關(guān)鍵詞是the role of metal和scanning electron microscope，根據(jù)這兩個短語定位到第五段中間的兩句話：It uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a cell or group of cells that have been coated with metal. The metal stops the beam from going through the cells. When the metal is hit by the beam, it emits electrons. The electrons are focused to form an image of the outside of the cells. The scanning electron microscope produces images that look three-dimensional. 這幾句的大意是：電子顯微鏡用一束電子來掃描細胞表面，細胞表面是被一層金屬包裹的。這層金屬表面阻止了電子束穿過細胞。這層金屬層可以反射電子，形成細胞外層的三維圖像。所以這層金屬的作用是幫助電子顯微鏡成像。選擇C。選項A說可以放大像，選項B說可以作為保護層，選項D說可以揭示細胞內(nèi)部細節(jié)，都不對。選擇C。

9. The word "emits" in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. transfers
B. excites
C. sends out
D. speeds up
答案：C選項正確

解析：本題根據(jù)所考察單詞定位到本文中這一句：When the metal is hit by the beam, it emits electrons. 本句大意是：當電子束被金屬擊中時，會放射出電子。emit在這句話中的意思是放射，發(fā)出。選項A的意思是轉(zhuǎn)化，選項B的意思是使激動，選項C的意思是發(fā)射，放出，選項D的意思是加速。選項C最貼合emit的意思，選擇C。

10. According to paragraphs 5 and 6, the transmission electron microscope differs from the scanning electron microscope in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
A. Specimens viewed by transmission electron microscopes are divided into cross sections.
B. The transmission electron microscope uses electromagnets as lenses.
C. The transmission electron microscope passes an electron beam through a specimen.
D. The transmission electron microscope focuses on the inner structure of a cell.
答案：B選項正確

解析：本題題干給的關(guān)鍵詞是differ from和兩種顯微鏡transmission electron microscope，scanning electron microscope。本題各個選項的依據(jù)分布在第六段。選項A的依據(jù)是Specimens are cut into extremely thin sections，正確;選項B的依據(jù)是the transmission electron microscope uses electromagnets as lenses, as do all electron microscopes，選項B錯誤，因為不是differ from的點，而是相同的點;選項C的依據(jù)是a light microscope aims a beam of light through a specimen，正確;選項D的依據(jù)是is used to study the details of internal cell structure，正確。選擇B。

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paragraph 7
During11. The word "Nonetheless" in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Basically
B. In a way
C. In addition
D. However
答案：D選項正確

解析：本題根據(jù)所考察單詞定位到這兩句：Electron microscopes have truly revolutionized the study of cells and cell organelles. Nonetheless, they have not replaced the light microscope. 這兩句話的大致意思是：電子顯微鏡的確改革了細胞和細胞器的研究。然而，它們并不能代替光學顯微鏡。Nonetheless的意思是然而，表轉(zhuǎn)折。選項A是基本上，選項B是在某種程度上，選項C是還有，選項D是然而。選項D最貼合nonetheless的意思，選擇D。

12. Look at the four squares [ ■ ]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Live organisms, therefore, would not survive while being observed with an electron microscope.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square [■ ] to insert the sentence in the passage.
答案：B選項正確

解析：本題需要先分析下需要插入的句子：Live organisms, therefore, would not survive while being observed with an electron microscope. 這句里有therefore，意為著前一句是原因，這一句是結(jié)果。本句的大意是活著的有機體是不能活著被電子顯微鏡觀察的。依次嘗試四個可以插入的位置，發(fā)現(xiàn)第二個位置比較好，前面也是在講電子顯微鏡不能觀察活著的有機物，與需要插入的句子構(gòu)成邏輯關(guān)系。后文針對這個問題提出解決方案即用光學顯微鏡，這三句話之間的邏輯鏈合理完整。選擇B。

13. Directions: Select from the seven phrases below the 2 phrases that correctly characterize Electron Microscopes and the 3 phrases that correctly characterize Light Microscopes. Drag each phrase you select into the appropriate column of the table. Two of the phrases will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click on View Text.
Answers Choices
A. Their lenses are made of glass.
B. They use magnetism to bring images into focus.
C. They were invented in the mid-1800s.
D. They are used to study living specimens.
E. They can produce images that appear three-dimensional.
F. They cannot resolve the internal structure of small cells.
G. They can usually resolve details smaller than the size of an atom.
Light Microscopes
Electron Microscopes
答案：ADF BE選項正確

解析：本題需要我們依次找到每個選項在原文中出現(xiàn)的地方。選項A是在第一段第三句，講光學顯微鏡;選項B是在第六段最后一句，講電子顯微鏡;選項C是在第三段最后一句，但是mid-1800s并不是這兩種顯微鏡的發(fā)明時間，不選;選項D是在第七段第三句，講光學顯微鏡;選項E是在第五段最后一句，講電子顯微鏡;選項F是在第二段最后一句，講光學顯微鏡;選項G是在第四段倒數(shù)第三句，但是smaller than是不對的，應該是bigger than，錯誤不選。綜上，light microscope是A，D，F(xiàn);electron microscope是B和E。

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