2017.12.16/17托福閱讀真題解析及備考建議

寫在前面：上周考試兩場分別有一篇天文，一篇地質(zhì)，比較晦澀。但是詞匯題都不是很難。
備考建議：核心詞匯一定是要有儲備的。另外閱讀題目做題的時候一定是要讀懂句子間邏輯關(guān)系，建議用精讀的辦法做題，而不是“找”答案。

12.16閱讀真題回憶
passageone
話題類型：植物學(xué)-How pine trees survive
內(nèi)容回憶：
第一段，介紹pinetree存活的環(huán)境，干燥，強風(fēng)的氣候，以及最古老的pine tree 種類和其特征。
第二段，pine tree 生存的一個優(yōu)勢是周圍的地質(zhì)比較具有保持水分的優(yōu)勢。
第三段，pine tree 生長的另外一個優(yōu)勢是他的葉子需要的養(yǎng)分比較少 ， 因為大部分的葉子是已經(jīng)死去的， 只有少部分新生的需要營養(yǎng)。
第四段，pine tree 生存環(huán)境決定了他的成長周期 ， 還有可以通過一種drill 來預(yù)測樹的年齡。

詞匯題：
1 longevity—long life
2 decaying—rotting
3 inhospitable—hostile

Passage Two
學(xué)科分類：歷史類-Easter Island Statues
內(nèi)容回憶：
第一段：介紹復(fù)活節(jié)島雕塑的概況，存在的地區(qū)和年代。
第二段：關(guān)于復(fù)活節(jié)島雕塑的建造方式和建造的特征， 形狀， 還有關(guān)于這個雕塑還未解答的問題。
第三段：雕塑建造的材料以及之前研究人員誤解的問題， 雕塑的材料中間和外表那個更堅硬。
第四段：雕塑的位置以及不同雕塑出現(xiàn)在不同位置的原因。
第五段：兩個雕塑遷移方式對比，一個更安全，一個更快。
詞匯題：
1 discard abandon
2 distinctive ---easy to recognize
3 sufficient—adequate

Passage Three
話題類型：天文類-life’s origin
內(nèi)容回憶：
第一段：介紹生命起源的第一種理論， 有兩個科學(xué)家提出的O-h 理論， 認為萬物起源于原有的一些元素轉(zhuǎn)換為生命所需額氧氣氫氣之類。
第二段：有人反駁第一種說法， 認為這種存在元素的轉(zhuǎn)換不會很長久，很快就會消失，不穩(wěn)定。
第三段：提出新的理論， 認為生命元素是有彗星以及其他星球爆炸帶來的一些有機化合物。
第四段：講解生命元素可能是星體爆炸產(chǎn)生的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。
第五段 還有更多的關(guān)于星球起源的爭議， 沒有定論，期待更多討論。
詞匯題：
1 impressive—striking
2 sought—look for
3 confirming—proving
4 be incorporated into—part of

12.17 閱讀真題回憶
passageone
話題類型：geology
內(nèi)容回憶：
第一段講冰川對陸地的影響很大。冰川的重量會使大陸表面下降，這個過程時間很長，然后地球表面又要用很久的時間恢復(fù)原來的高度。比如Husdon和Great lake 現(xiàn)在就在慢慢恢復(fù)回上次冰川世紀前的高度。
第二段講冰川的移動，隨著冰川越來越大，收到重力的影響，會慢慢移動。移動的過程中，會切割巖石，推倒樹木，摧毀遇到的一切植被生物。
第三段講到在平坦的地方形成的冰川會移動緩慢，朝各個方向發(fā)展。而在山谷形成的冰川，因為垂直的角度大，所以會形成V形冰川。而原本是V形山谷會形成U冰川。當(dāng)冰川融化后，會變成坡度很大的地形。很多現(xiàn)在的瀑布就是這么來的。
最后一段說到冰川會形成很多地形，比如horn，ridge。

詞匯題：
in response to = as a result of
depositing=putting
sculpt=shape
drastic=very significant

passage Two
話題類型： thermalstratification

Physical characteristics of aquatic environments at different depths such as salt level, light, inorganic nutrients, degree of acidity, and pressure all play key roles in the distribution of organisms. One of the most important physical features is thermal stratification.

When solar radiation strikes water, some is reflected, but most penetrates the surface and is ultimately absorbed. Although water may appear transparent, it is much denser than air and absorbs radiation rapidly. In clear water, 99 percent of the solar radiation is absorbed inthe upper 50 to 100 meters. Longer wavelengths of light are absorbed first; the shorter wavelengths (which have more energy) penetrate farther, giving the depths their characteristic blue color.

This rapid absorption of sunlight by water has two important consequences. First, it means that photosynthesisthe process by which plants use the energy of sunlight to produce the organic carbon compounds necessary for lifecan only occur in surface waters where thelight intensity is sufficiently high. Species that produce their own organic carbon compounds are called primary producers, and they are the base of the marine food web. Virtually all of the photosynthesis that supports the rich life of oceans and lakes comes from plants living in the upper 10 to 30 meters of water. Along shores and in very shallow bodies of water,some species such as kelp are rooted to the bottom. These plants may attain considerable size and structural complexity, and may support diverse communities of organisms. In the open waters that cover much of the globe, however, the primary producers of organic carbon are tiny,often one-celled algae (called phytoplankton), which are suspended in the water. Zooplankton, tiny invertebrates that feed on phytoplankton, migrate vertically on a daily cycle: up into the surface waters at night to feed and down into the dark, deeper waters during the day to escape predatory fish that rely on light to detect prey.

Second, the rapid absorption of sunlight by water means that only surface water is heated. The density of pure water is greatest at 4¡ãC and declines as the water's temperature rises above or falls below this point. When solar radiation heats the water surface above 4°C, the warm surface water becomes lighter than the cool, deeper water, and so tends to remain on the surface, where it may be heated further and become even less dense. In tropical areas and in temperate climates during the summer, the surfaces of oceans and lakes are usually covered by a thin layer of warm water. Unless these bodies of water are shallow, the deep water below this layer is much colder (sometimes near 4¡ãC). The change in temperature between the warm surface water and the cold, deep water is called the thermocline. Mixing of the surface water by wave action determines the depth of the thermocline and maintains relatively constant temperatures in the water above it.

Tropical lakes and oceans show pronounced permanent stratification of their physical properties, with warm, well-oxygenated, and lighted surface water giving way to frigid, dark, deep water almost devoid of oxygen. Oxygen cannot be replenished at great depths where there are no photosynthetic organisms to produce it, and the stable thermalstratification prevents mixing and reoxygenation by surface water. Only relatively few organisms can live in such extreme conditions. The waste products and dead bodies of organisms living in the surface waters sink to the depths, taking their mineral nutrients with them. The lack of vertical circulation thus limits the supply of nutrients to the phytoplanktonabove. Consequently, deep tropical lakes are often relatively unproductive and depend on continued input from streams for the nutrients required to support life.

The situation is somewhat different in temperate and polar waters. Deep lakes, in particular, undergo dramatic seasonal changes: they develop warm surface temperatures and a pronounced thermocline in summer, but freeze over in winter. Twice each year, in spring and fall, the entire water column attains equal temperature and equal density; moderatewinds may then generate waves that mix deep and shallow water, producing what is called overturn. This semiannual mixing carries oxygen downward and returns inorganic nutrients to the surface. Phosphorus and other nutrients may be depleted during the summer; overturn replenishes these nutrients by stimulating the growth of phytoplankton.

1. The word ultimately in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. probably
B. quickly
C. eventually
D. frequently

2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about solar radiation when it strikes water
A. Longer wavelengths travel farther.
B. Most of it is absorbed near the surface.
C. It is not absorbed by cloudy water.
D. More long wavelengths than short wavelengths are absorbed.

3. The word Virtually in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. Apparently
B. Usually
C. Nearly
D. Fortunately

4. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of kelpEXCEPT:
A. They are found at the bottom of shallow waters.
B. They are the primary producers of organic carbon.
C. They can grow very large.
D. They are a source of food for a variety of organisms.

5.The word suspended in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. dissolved
B. floating
C. invisible
D. released

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Zooplankton move up into surface waters at night to feed on phytoplankton, and down into deep, dark waters in daytime to avoid detection by predatory fish.
B. Zooplankton migrate vertically on a daily basis in order to feed on phytoplankton, following them up into surface waters by day and down into dark, deeper waters at night.
C. Unlike zooplankton, which migrate between surface waters and deeper waters, predatory fish must rely on the daytime light of surface waters to detect prey.
D. Zooplankton are so tiny that they can only be detected by predatory fish in the light conditions of surface water, where they feed on phytoplankton.

7. According to paragraph 4, what is a thermocline
A. The deep, cold layer of water below the surface of oceans andlakes
B. The thin layer of warm water on the surface of oceans andlakes
C. The change in density of surface water as it is continuallyheated
D. The point at which the temperature of water in oceans and lakes changes from warm to cold

8. The word replenished in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. absorbed
B. restored
C. contained
D. obtained

9. According to paragraph 5, all of the following are true of the water at great depths in tropical lakes EXCEPT:
A. It has less oxygen than the surface water does.
B. It is very dark.
C. It contains relatively few living organisms.
D. It has low levels of mineral nutrients.

10. The word dramatic in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. partial
B. complex
C. frequent
D. striking

11. According to paragraph 6, after overturn, deep water levels of lakes in temperate climates will contain increased amounts of
A. warm water
B. phosphorus
C. oxygen
D. phytoplankton

12. According to paragraphs 5 and 6, temperate lakes are in general more productive than tropical lakes because
A. temperate lakes receive more nutrients from incoming streams
B. the summer thermocline is relatively deep in temperate lakes
C. solar radiation penetrates more of the water in temperatelakes
D. temperate lakes experience vertical circulation of water

13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
If the water is clouded by many microscopic organisms, absorption occurs even closer to the surface.
Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

14. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text. Answer Choices
A. Sunlight is rapidly absorbed by the upper layer of water, which makes it warmer and consequently less dense than the water below.
B. Photosynthesizing plants, which provide the food and oxygen for most other forms of aquatic life, are limited to the levels of oceans and lakes where sunlight is available.
C. The diversity of plant life in shallow water makes it attractive to zooplankton.
D. As water becomes less dense and moves to the surface of the ocean or lake, it cools down and moderates the temperature of thesurface.
E. Because more solar energy is absorbed by bodies of water in the tropics, the topmost layer of the thermocline is widest there.
F. In the tropics, permanent thermal stratification limits the amount of life supported in deep bodies of water; however, in temperate climates, seasonal thermal stratification allows vertical circulation and mixing of water, allowing the support of more life.

答案：CBCBB,ADBDD,CD(缺)，ABF

passage Three
話題類型：古生物考古
內(nèi)容回憶：
第一段：一開始科學(xué)家猜測，某種恐龍因為體型很大，所以應(yīng)該是生活在水里，用鼻子呼吸的。
第二段：但是后來發(fā)現(xiàn)這種恐龍的腿很細

，如果是生活在水中的話，一定會長很大的腳掌才能夠避免不陷進淤泥，所以這種恐龍可能生活在陸地上。
第三段：將這種恐龍和大象進行比較�？赡芤驗楸亲涌梢怨醋�樹干以至于不會陷進泥潭，它們的結(jié)構(gòu)和大象有相似之處。
第四段：因為這種恐龍四肢很適合跑步，所以可能是食肉的。而且它們體型能長到很大，相比哺乳動物來說，能夠更好地控制體溫。

詞匯題：
immerse=extremely strong
extend make longer
聲明：部分內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)載自小站論壇