【語法干貨--適用于口語和寫作】

啥是后置定語呢？

定語是作為進一步描述某一個事物或是事件的形容詞，一般放在名詞或是名詞性短語前面或是后面的位置來作補充說明。那么，后置定語就是把定語放在名詞或是名詞性短語的后面啦！像我們常見的定語從句，用一個完整的句子來補充描述名詞或是名詞性短語。

在英語中，定語的位置一般比較固定，單個詞作定語時， 多置于其所修飾的名詞之前；短語和從句作定語時一般置于被修飾的名詞之后，我們稱之為的后置定語。

for example：

I have something interesting（定語后置） to tell you. 這是我們常見的后置定語。

那么，你需要在啥時候來運用后置定語呢？

1）當(dāng)你所描述的事物或時間有很多個形容部分，比如描述某一個人物：年紀(jì)，外貌，高度，如果你都把這些放在某一個單詞的前面，就會顯得有點語序不清，而且有點冗長，所以這個時候可以考慮把一些修飾放在該名詞的后面。

2）我們在日常說話的時候，總是突然想到一些補充，很想加入這個句子，那么這個時候你就需要考慮用后置定語的方式加入。

3）很多人比較適應(yīng)講一個簡單句，那么想在口語考試拿很高的分?jǐn)?shù)，是遠遠不夠的，需要你拓展句子，將句子稍微加長，那么我也不是很希望把一個句子加得很長很長，把所有的能加的句型都加上，其實后置定語是個很不錯的選擇，不是很長，但是又能展現(xiàn)語法維度嘛。

后置定語的運用

后置定語很符合西方人說話的邏輯，在看大片的時候，你都能看到長長的句子，其實很多都是后置定語成分。來來來，我們來學(xué)習(xí)一下其用法，方便小烤鴨們更好地理解和運用。大致分成了三大類：

（一）單個詞作定語后置的情況

1、以a-開頭的表示狀態(tài)的形容詞，一般在句子中當(dāng)表語成份，但作定語時須后置，類似的形容詞有：alive, asleep, alike, alone. awake, aware, ashamed, adrift, ablaze, absent, afraid, available等如：

He spoke like a man afraid.他說話的時候像是很害怕似的。Tom was the only boy awake at that time.那時湯姆是唯一醒著的男孩。The house ablaze is next door to mine. 那著火的房子就在我家隔壁。

2、部分表示方位、處所、時間副詞作定語。如here, there, above, below, upstairs. downstairs.  outside, inside, around. today, nearby 等常作后置定語。如：

A boy outside is waiting for you.

People there are very friendly.

The man upstairs is making a noise.

3、形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時應(yīng)后置

I have something important to tell you.

There is nothing serious.

There is nobody suitable for the job.

4、else 只作后置定語，修飾疑問詞或不定代詞。

When else shall we meet again, if Friday is not convenient for you?

Ask someone else to help you if David is not free.

Who else can we turn to?

5、left 和remaining 都表示有“剩下的”的意思，但left只作后置定語。如：

There is five minutes left.

 remaining應(yīng)作前置定語。如：

The lady bought a gift for her daughter as a birthday gift with the remaining 30 dollars.

6、involved意為“有牽連的”，“涉及到的”，只作后置定語，如：

the problems involved.

7、有些詞既可作前置定語，也可作后置定語。如：

possible, enough, more（另外，附加的）proper

I don’t have wine enough for five persons （后置）at the moment

=I don’t have enough（前置） wine for five persons at the moment.

They thought about all the means possible（= possible means）

Today I will have to write two letters more（= two more letters）

8、有些詞既可當(dāng)作前置定語又可當(dāng)后置定語，但含義不一樣。

如：used, concerned, present

All the people present（在場的）voted for him.

Present situation is serious.（目前的，現(xiàn)在的）

All parties concerned（有關(guān)的）are present.

Concerned （憂慮的）parents held a meeting.

the method used is very efficient （運用的，使用的）

This is a used bike.（舊的）

（二）短語作后置定語

1、介詞短語、副詞短語、形容詞短語等用作后置定語。

如  The man in the car is Jim’s father. （介詞短語）

He made a report on modern science （介詞短語）

A friend in need is a friend indeed（介詞短語）

I live in a village far from here（副詞短語）

He cast it a second time, and drew in an old basket full of sand （形容詞短語）

2、不定式用作后置定語。如：

Would you like something to drink

What do you plan to do in the year to come

The building to be built was designed by Mr Wang. =The building which will be built was designed by Mr Wang. （相當(dāng)一個定語從句）

3、不定式經(jīng)常用作一些名詞的后置定語，常見的這類名詞有way,chance, opportunity, courage, time, week, wish, need, promise, plan, right.如：

You have no right to speak

If I have the chance to go abroad I’ll never let it go.

4、一般來講，謂語動詞能接不定式當(dāng)賓語，當(dāng)這類動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞時，也接不定式當(dāng)后置定語。如：

You promised to write us regularly.（不定式當(dāng)賓語）

You haven’t kept your promise to write us regularly.（不定式當(dāng)后置定語）

He planned to start a company （不定式當(dāng)賓語）

He told me his plan to start a company. （不定式當(dāng)后置定語）

5、分詞作定語。單個分詞一般作前置定語，而分詞短語作后置定語，此時可以轉(zhuǎn)化相應(yīng)的定語從句。

①The old man has a walking stick（動名詞當(dāng)定語表示用途）

②Can you see the falling leaves in the sky. （現(xiàn)在分詞當(dāng)定語表示動作進行）

③Deer don’t like eating fallen leaves （過去分詞當(dāng)定語表示動作完成）

④The man running on the playground is our English teacher.（現(xiàn)在分詞當(dāng)后置定語，與被修飾詞存在主動關(guān)系）

=The man who is running on the playground  is our English teacher.

⑤Do you know the girl dancing in the center?

⑥The food cooked by my mother was delicious.（過去分詞當(dāng)后置語與被修飾詞存在動作的完成與被動關(guān)系）

=The food which was cooked by my mother was delicious.

⑦The building built was designed by Mr Warg.

=The building which was built was designed by Mr Wang.

⑧There were over 300 people trapped above the fire.

⑨The building being built was designed by Mr Wang.（過去分詞的進行式作后置定語表示與被修飾詞存在動作的被動且正在進行）

=The building which is being built was designed by Mr Wang.

從句作定語都是后置

一個句子修飾某個名詞或代詞，我們稱之為定語從句，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句，非限制性定語從句常用逗號隔開，表示補充說明。

In the north where it is cold, they grow wheat.

I will never forget the day, on which I joined the Party.

I know the only route that leads to the top of the mountain.

I found some photos of interesting places which were not too far away from Cheng du.
The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendors.

以上我們對不定式，分詞以及從句當(dāng)后置定語的認(rèn)識及領(lǐng)會，應(yīng)多分析，多朗讀這類句子，學(xué)會好好利用這些表達，在口語中應(yīng)用惟妙惟肖，那么你就能抓住考官的心了，口語考試高分也是你的囊中之物哈。