托福TPO40閱讀真題解析：Passage 3

TPO，即toefl Practice Online的首寫字母，就是托福在線練習(xí)的意思，TPO可以為考生提供全真的模擬考試環(huán)境和過往真題，而TPO題庫也是有著不斷的更新。在托福閱讀的備考過程中，除了大量的閱讀之外，全面了解托福閱讀的題型和解題方法也都是非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)。而對(duì)于很多備考托福的學(xué)生來說，TPO往往就是一個(gè)首先的備考材料。今天，小編就為大家?guī)�來托福TPO40閱讀真題解析：Passage 3。

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Amphibian Thermoregulation

paragraph 1
In contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. However, the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their body temperature has been proven false because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature While amphibians are poor thermoregulators, they do exercise control over their body temperature to a limited degree.

1. According to paragraph 1, what indicates that amphibians have some control over their body temperature? 【事實(shí)信息題】
A. Amphibians can regulate their metabolic rates to generate energy.
B. Amphibians use the same means of thermoregulation as mammals and birds do.
C. The body temperature of amphibians sometimes differs from the temperature of their surroundings.
D. The body temperature of amphibians is independent of their metabolic activity.
答案：C

解析：根據(jù)原文which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature.可知兩棲動(dòng)物可以調(diào)節(jié)自身溫度，使其與周圍環(huán)境溫度不同。其中independent of 對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)中的differs from, 所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

paragraph 2
Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41°C—the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6°C with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose. Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions)

2.Why does the author mention a “South American frog” species in the passage?【修辭目的題】
A. To make the point that an amphibian’s temperature tolerance depends on a number of factors
B. To indicate how precise the range of body temperatures is for certain amphibians
C. To contrast its ability to adapt to that of the North American newt
D. To help illustrate the range of environmental conditions to which amphibians have adapted
答案：D

解析：根據(jù)South American frog 定位至文章第二段第三句話，One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41°C. 可知一種北美蠑螈在氣溫降至零下2度時(shí)依然活躍，當(dāng)一種南美青蛙在氣溫升至41度時(shí)依然覺得舒適。所以D選項(xiàng)正確，來闡明一個(gè)兩棲動(dòng)物可以適應(yīng)的環(huán)境條件變化范圍。

3. According to paragraph 2, what allows some North American frog and toad species to survive in ambient temperatures well below freezing? 【事實(shí)信息題】
A. Their internal body temperatures never fall below -6°C.
B. They do not remain at temperatures below freezing for very long periods of time.
C. Their tolerance boundaries are flexible
D. Some of their body tissues contain substances that prevent freezing.
答案：D

解析：根據(jù)原文The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose.可知這些生物身體中的其他組織含有可以抵御寒冷的物質(zhì)。其中the frost-protective agents對(duì)應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)中的prevent freezing. 所以D選項(xiàng)正確。

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paragraph 3
Frog species that remain exposed to the sun despite high diurnal (daytime) temperatures exhibit some fascinating modifications in the skin structure that function as morphological adaptations. Most amphibian skin is fully water permeable and is therefore not a barrier against evaporation or solar radiation. The African savanna frog Hyperolius viridiflavus stores guanine crystals in its skin, which enable it to better reflect solar radiation, thus providing protection against overheating The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation (dehydration).

4. “Phyllomedusa sauvager ” is mentioned as an example of a frog with an adaptation that 【修辭目的題】
A. protects its glandular system
B. helps reduce its secretions
C. increases the amount of solar radiation that its skin can reflect
D. modifies its skin structure to protect against the drying effects of the sun
答案：D

解析：根據(jù)原文The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation (dehydration).可知D選項(xiàng)為同義替換，改變自己的皮膚結(jié)構(gòu)來使其避免脫水干燥。其中prevent desiccation對(duì)應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)中的protect against the drying effects of the sun, 所以D選項(xiàng)正確。

paragraph 4
However, behavior is by far the most important factor in thermoregulation. The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy), and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively) Heliothermy is especially common among frogs and toads: it allows them to increase their body temperature by more than 10°C. The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means, long before either ground or air is correspondingly warmed. A positive side effect of this approach is that it accelerates the digestion of the prey consumed overnight, thus also accelerating growth Thigmothermy is a behavior present in most amphibians, although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin The effect of thigmothermy is especially evident in the Andean toad during rainfall its body temperature corresponds to the temperature of the warm earth and not to the much cooler air temperature.

5. Paragraph 4 mentions each of the following as an example of behavioral thermoregulation EXCEPT 【否定事實(shí)信息題】
A. pressing against the ground
B. speeding up of the metabolism
C. reducing activity during the summer
D. adjusting exposure to the sun
答案：B

解析：原文although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)。
原文reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)。
原文which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating對(duì)應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)。
只有B選項(xiàng)未被提及，所以選擇B選項(xiàng)。

6. The “Andean toad Bufo spinulosus” illustrates which of the following behavioral modifications? 【事實(shí)信息題】
A. Heliothermy and thigmothermy
B. Diurnal avoidance behavior
C. Absorbing heat from the air
D. Moving to shelter during the summer
答案：A

解析：根據(jù)原文The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy). 可知Andean toad Bufo spinulosus指的就是Heliothermy和thigmothermy. 所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

7. The word “attains” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. raises
B. lowers
C. reaches
D. regulates
答案：C

解析：attains, 達(dá)到，獲得，實(shí)現(xiàn)。
Raises, 提高，養(yǎng)育，籌集。Lowers, 減弱，降低。Reaches, 達(dá)到，延伸。Regulates, 調(diào)節(jié)，規(guī)定。所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

8. The phrase “this approach” in the passage refers to 【指代題】
A gradually increasing body temperature by 10°C
B. basking as soon as the sun comes up
C. waiting for the ground and air to warm
D. keeping body temperature above the temperature of the air
答案：B

解析：根據(jù)原文The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means,可知稍后提到的this approach這種方法，指的就是當(dāng)太陽升起時(shí)將其暴露在太陽下，所以B選項(xiàng)正確。

paragraph 5
Avoidance behavior occurs whenever physiological and morphological adaptations are insufficient to maintain body temperature within the vital range Nocturnal activity in amphibians with low tolerance for high ambient temperatures is a typical thermoregulatory behavior of avoidance. Seasonal avoidance behavior is extremely important in many amphibians. Species whose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in semi- and regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.

9. According to paragraph 5, why is avoidance behavior important for some amphibians? 【事實(shí)信息題】
A. Amphibians’ habitats are areas where temperatures vary from day to day.
B. Amphibians have less tolerance for high ambient temperatures than for low ambient temperatures.
C. Amphibians lack adequate physiological adaptations for dealing with ambient temperatures.
D. Amphibians cannot protect themselves from the extreme summer heat by being active only at night.
答案：C

解析：根據(jù)avoidance behavior定位至第三句話，根據(jù)后面的內(nèi)容Species whose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in semi- and regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.可知兩棲動(dòng)物缺少足夠的生理適應(yīng)性來調(diào)節(jié)周圍的溫度，所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

10. The word “dwelling” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. arriving
B. originating
C. evolving
D. living
答案：D

解析：dwelling, 居住，存在于。
Arriving, 到達(dá)。Originating, 發(fā)源。Evolving, 發(fā)展，進(jìn)化。Living, 居住，生存。所以D選項(xiàng)正確。

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paragraph 6
In amphibians hibernation occurs in mud or deep holes away from frost North of the Pyrenees Mountains, the natterjack toad offers a good example of hibernation, passing the winter dug deep into sandy ground. Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry, hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature. Amphibians are therefore hardly at mercy of ambient temperature, since by means of the mechanisms described above they are more than exercise some control over their body temperature.

11. In paragraph 6, which of the following can be inferred from the discussion of the natterjack? 【推理題】
A. Amphibians have greater tolerance for heat than for cold.
B. Desiccation is not a threat to amphibians
C. Both hibernation and estivation may serve as avoidance behaviors depending on the climate
D. Some species of amphibians are active only in the spring and in the fall
答案：C

解析：根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞natterjack定位至第一句話，根據(jù)后面的內(nèi)容Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry, hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature.可知，對(duì)于黃條蟾蜍來講，冬眠和夏眠都可依據(jù)氣候調(diào)節(jié)來充當(dāng)回避行為。其中avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)中的depending on the climate, 所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 【句子簡化題】
A. Thus, although amphibians use the various mechanisms described above, they have hardly any control of their body temperature
B. Thus, by the mechanisms described above, amphibians are quite capable of controlling their body temperature to survive extreme ambient temperatures.
C. Thus, unless they can use the mechanisms described above, amphibians are at the mercy of ambient temperatures.
D. Thus, the mechanisms described above give amphibians control over much more than just their body temperature
答案：B

解析：highlighted句子大意為，兩棲動(dòng)物基本很少處于一個(gè)周圍有良好溫度的環(huán)境中，他們可以通過鍛煉控制自己的體溫來存活，所以只有B選項(xiàng)符合句子大意。

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. 【句子插入題】
On the other hand, amphibians in very hot climates use secretions from the mucus glands to decrease their temperature through evaporative cooling on the skin.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures measured to 41°C—the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian. [■] Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6°C with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. [■] The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose. [■] Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions).[■]
答案：C

解析：待插入句子意為，另一方面，在特別熱的氣候中，兩棲動(dòng)物用來自粘液腺的分泌物通過在皮膚上蒸發(fā)冷卻來降低他們的溫度。并且后一句話中的additionally為遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，所以只有C選項(xiàng)符合語境，所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points. 【概要小結(jié)題】
Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.
A number of factors may help account for the difference in biodiversity between low and high latitudes.
Answer Choices
A. Frogs, which survive temperature ranges from as low as -2°C to as high as 41°C, are evidence that amphibians are independent of ambient temperatures
B. Amphibians can increase their body temperature by exposing themselves to the sun (heliothermy) and by pressing against the ground (thigmothermy).
C. Avoidance behaviors, such as sheltering from the sun, as well as estivation and hibernation，help amphibians control their body temperature.
D. Physical adaptations offer amphibians a number of ways to protect against extreme or dangerous climate conditions.
E. Sunrise is the time when some amphibian species have the greatest need for thermoregulatory mechanisms.
F. Hibernation always involves digging deep holes in mud or sand, whereas estivation sometimes involves nothing more than hiding in deep rock crevasses.
答案：B, C, D

解析：根據(jù)原文One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41°C—the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian. 可知蠑螈保持活躍的最低溫度是零下2度，青蛙保持活躍的最高溫度是零上41度。所以A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。
根據(jù)原文The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means. 其中exposes itself immediately after sunrise對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)中的exposing themselves to the sun.
和原文Thigmothermy is a behavior present in most amphibians, although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose. 所以B選正確。
根據(jù)原文and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating, 對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)。
根據(jù)原文Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. 其中extreme conditions對(duì)應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)中的extreme or dangerous climate conditions.
根據(jù)原文Nocturnal activity in amphibians with low tolerance for high ambient temperatures is a typical thermoregulatory behavior of avoidance.所以E選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，體溫調(diào)節(jié)的最佳時(shí)間并非是日出之后，而是夜間。
根據(jù)原文Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature. 所以F選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)橄拿咭彩切枰�挖地洞或者藏在石頭裂縫中。

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