托福TPO41閱讀真題解析：Passage 1

TPO，即toefl Practice Online的首寫字母，就是托福在線練習(xí)的意思，TPO可以為考生提供全真的模擬考試環(huán)境和過往真題，而TPO題庫也是有著不斷的更新。在托福閱讀的備考過程中，除了大量的閱讀之外，全面了解托福閱讀的題型和解題方法也都是非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)。而對于很多備考托福的學(xué)生來說，TPO往往就是一個首先的備考材料。今天，小編就為大家?guī)�來托福TPO41閱讀真題解析：Passage 1。

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Navajo Art

Paragraph 1
The Navajo, a Native American people living in the southwestern United States, live in small scattered settlements. In many respects, such as education, occupation, and leisure activities, their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century. At the same time, they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms. For example, the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings. These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances, pollen, and flowers in precise patterns on the ground. The largest of these paintings may be up to 5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room. Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers. The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings. These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs, which can last up to nine days.

1. The word “precise” is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. colorful
B. exact
C. delicate
D. complex
答案：B

解析：Precise, 精確的，明確的。
Colorful, 富有色彩的。Exact,準(zhǔn)確的，精確的。Delicate, 微妙的，精美的，易碎的。Complex, 復(fù)雜的，合成的。所以選項B正確。

2. The word “enlist" in the passage is closest in meaning to 　 【詞匯題】
A. assist
B. require
C. describe
D. recruit
答案：D

解析：Enlist, 使入伍，征募。
Assist, 幫助，促進(jìn)。Require, 要求，命令。Describe, 描述，形容。Recruit, 聘用，征募。所以D選項正確。

3. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the Navajo ritual chants?　　 【推理題】
A. There is a large number of them.
B. Each of them corresponds to a particular sand painting.
C. They are difficult to remember.
D. They do not take long to perform
答案：C

解析：根據(jù)原文“ The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings.”可看出，一共只有24首納瓦霍人圣歌，數(shù)量并不是很多，所以A選項錯誤。原文說這24首圣歌可以被多達(dá)500幅沙畫所描繪表現(xiàn)出來，但是并沒有說每首圣歌都分別對應(yīng)一幅沙畫，因此B選項錯誤。第一段最后一句話說“which can last up to nine days.”可看出整個表演時間會長達(dá)九天，而D選項說表演時間并不長，因此D選項錯誤。所以C選項正確。

4. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of many important Navajo rituals EXCEPT【否定事實(shí)信息題】
A. They involve the creation of large, detailed images.
B. They include performers whose faces are covered.
C. They take place indoors.
D. They are performed without elaborate planning.
答案：D

解析：根據(jù)rituals一詞，可定位至原文第四句話。原文“ These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances, pollen, and flowers in precise patterns on the ground.”對應(yīng)A選項。
“ The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers.”中的“masked performers”對應(yīng)B選項。
“Working from the inside of the design outward”對應(yīng)C選項。
選項D在文中并未被提及，所以D選項正確。

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Paragraph 2
The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho (beauty or harmony, goodness, and happiness). It coexists with hochxo ("ugliness," or "evil," and "disorder") in a world where opposing forces of dynamism and stability create constant change. When the world, which was created in beauty, becomes ugly and disorderly, the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world. Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony. Thus, the restoration of harmony through a ceremony can be part of a curing process.

5. It can be inferred from the discussion of illness and curing in paragraph 2 that 【推理題】
A. the Navajo consider illness to always have a supernatural cause
B. rituals involving songs and sand paintings may be used to treat an illness
C. when a Navajo is ill, ugly and disorderly sand paintings are made
D. after a serious illness, a Navajo will take part in a ceremony
答案：B

解析：根據(jù)原文“ the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world. Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony.”可看出，納瓦霍人聚集在一起表演歌曲并制作沙畫是為了使世界恢復(fù)美麗以及和平，一些疾病本身就被看作是一種不和諧。B選項為同意替換，其中Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony對應(yīng)B選項中的treat an illness。所以B選項正確。

Paragraph 3
Men make sand paintings that are accurate copies of paintings from the past. The songs sung over the paintings are also faithful renditions of songs from the past. By re­creating these arts, which reflect the original beauty of creation, the Navajo bring beauty to the present world. As relative newcomers to the Southwest, a place where their climate, neighbors, and rulers could be equally inhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. The paintings generally illustrate ideas and events from the life of a mythical hero, who, after being healed by the gods, gave gifts of songs and paintings. Working from memory, the artists re-create the traditional form of the image as accurately as possible.

6. The word “faithful” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. modern
B. accurate
C. wonderful
D. simplified
答案：B

解析：Faithful, 如實(shí)的，準(zhǔn)確可靠的。
Modern, 現(xiàn)代的，時髦的。Accurate, 精確的。Wonderful, 精彩的，奇妙的。Simplified,簡化了的。所以B選項正確。

7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 【句子簡化題】
A. The Navajo used the symbolism and beauty of their works of art to improve their life in an often inhospitable environment.
B. The ideas the Navajo hold about symbolism and beauty were influenced by their inhospitable climate, neighbors, and rulers.
C. When they first arrived in the Southwest, the Navajo produced symbolic art forms that promoted harmony.
D. In their works of art, the Navajo emphasized beauty and harmony that can be found even under the most inhospitable circumstances.
答案：A

解析：Highlighted部分意為，作為氣候，鄰居，和管理者都貧瘠荒涼的西南部的新來者，納瓦霍人創(chuàng)造了這些藝術(shù)形式來影響他們周圍的世界，而不僅僅是通過象征行為的敘述，而是通過藝術(shù)品自身的美以及和諧。其中the actions symbolized對應(yīng)A選項中的symbolism，the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves對應(yīng)A選項中的beauty of their works of art. 所以A選項正確。

8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is often the subject of Navajo sand paintings?【事實(shí)信息題】
A. The landscape of the Southwest
B. Traditional Navajo practices
C. Historical events that occurred in the Southwest
D. The lives of heroes in traditional Navajo stories
答案：D

解析：根據(jù)原文“The paintings generally illustrate ideas and events from the life of a mythical hero, who, after being healed by the gods, gave gifts of songs and paintings.” 可看出，沙畫中的主題是神話英雄的生活，其中the life of a mythical hero對應(yīng)D選項中的The lives of heroes. 所以D選項正確。

 Paragraph 4
The Navajo are also world-famous for the designs on their woven blankets. Navajo women own the family flocks, control the shearing of the sheep, the carding, the spinning, and dying of the thread, and the weaving of the fabrics. While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought, women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make. Weaving is a paradigm of the creativity of a mythic ancestor named Spider Woman who wove the universe as a cosmic web that united earth and sky. It was she who，according to legend, taught Navajo women how to weave. As they prepare their materials and weave. Navajo women imitate the transformations that originally created the world. Working on their looms, Navajo weavers create images through which they experience harmony with nature. It is their means of creating beauty and thereby contributing to the beauty, harmony, and healing of the world. Thus, weaving is a way of seeing the world and being part of it.
9. Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about Navajo weavers and weaving?【事實(shí)信息題】
A. Navajo women oversee all aspects of wool production and weaving.
B. The wool used for blankets comes from different sheep than does the wool used for other purposes.
C. Navajo weavers have used some of the same designs for hundreds of years.
D. Weaving is done primarily for use in rituals.
答案：A

解析：整個第四段都在介紹納瓦霍人編織的歷史和過程，所以A選項正確。B選項的“ comes from different sheep”沒有提到。根據(jù)原文“ women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make.”可知C選擇說有些設(shè)計已經(jīng)被用了幾百年并不正確。D選項在文章中也并未提及。

10. The word “ancestor” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. relative from an earlier generation
B. person who established a particular tradition in a society
C. hero from ancient times
D. person who once made important contributions to a social group or culture
答案：A

解析：Ancestor, 祖先的意思。A選項的relative from an earlier generation, 意為更早一代的親屬，所以A選項正確。

11. Why does the author discuss “a mythic ancestor”? 【修辭目的題】
A. To show how Navajo ideas of weaving have changed over time
B. To explain why the Navajo principle of stability is more clearly represented in their weavings than in their sand paintings
C. To emphasize the role of naturally occurring weaving materials in the creative weavings of the Navajo
D. To help explain the significance of weaving in Navajo culture
答案：D

解析：根據(jù)“ Navajo women imitate the transformations that originally created the world.”可看出，作者提及這個神秘的祖先Spider Woman是為了向我們介紹在納瓦霍文化中，編織的重要性。所以D選項正確。

12. According to paragraph 4, Navajo weavers imitate 【事實(shí)信息題】
A. traditional weaving patterns
B. patterns used in sand paintings
C. the activities through which the world was created
D. images from nature
答案：C

解析：根據(jù)原文“ Navajo women imitate the transformations that originally created the world.”可看出，C選項為同意轉(zhuǎn)換，因此選項C正確。

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13. Look at the four squares [■]] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. 【句子插入題】
Since this purpose is limited to the context of the ritual, the paintings are destroyed when the ritual is completed.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
The Navajo, a Native American people living in the southwestern United States, live in small scattered settlements. In many respects, such as education, occupation, and leisure activities, their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century. At the same time, they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms. For example, the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings. These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances, pollen, and flowers in precise patterns on the ground. The largest of these paintings may be up to 5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room. Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. [■] The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers. [■] The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings. [■] These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs, which can last up to nine days. [■]
答案：D

解析：這三句話都在講paintings, 最后一句說這些復(fù)雜的畫在表演中作為記憶輔助工具，而插入的句子的意思是“由于這個目的受儀式內(nèi)容的限制，所以當(dāng)儀式結(jié)束后就會被銷毀”，所以句子應(yīng)該插入在選項D的位置。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.【概要小結(jié)題】
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.
To review the passage, click View Text.
Navajo art is fundamentally connected to aspects of Navajo ritual and belief.
Answer Choices
A. Navajo sand paintings are an expression of the close relationship between nature and the spiritual world in Navajo culture
B. Sand paintings, which help participants in rituals recall traditional chants, are part of ceremonies designed to restore beauty and harmony.
C. Whereas Navajo sand paintings are associated with male deities. Navajo weaving involves representations of female figures such as Spider Woman.
D. Individual Navajo sand paintings typically embody the principles of harmony and disorder.
E. Sand paintings, which are created by Navajo men, are faithful re-creations of earlier works and as such represent the principle of stability.
F. In Navajo culture, weaving is a female art and is associated with creativity and change.
答案：B, E, F

解析：根據(jù)原文 “The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho (beauty or harmony, goodness, and happiness).”，可知Navajo沙畫想要傳達(dá)給世界的并非是自然和Navajo文化的精神世界，所以A選項錯誤。
根據(jù)原文“When the world, which was created in beauty, becomes ugly and disorderly, the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world. ”，其中restore beauty and harmony to the world對應(yīng)B選項中的restore beauty and harmony. 所以B選項正確。
根據(jù)原文“The paintings generally illustrate ideas and events from the life of a mythical hero, who, after being healed by the gods”，可知沙畫描繪的是神話英雄，而不是男性神明，所以C選項錯誤。并且C選項的內(nèi)容太過細(xì)節(jié)，不屬于主旨內(nèi)容。
根據(jù)原文“The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho (beauty or harmony, goodness, and happiness).”，選項D說體現(xiàn)的原則是和諧和混亂，因此選項D錯誤。
根據(jù)原文“While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought”，所以E選項正確。
根據(jù)原文“ women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make”，所以F選項正確。

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