托福TPO42閱讀真題解析：Passage 3

TPO，即toefl Practice Online的首寫字母，就是托福在線練習(xí)的意思，TPO可以為考生提供全真的模擬考試環(huán)境和過(guò)往真題，而TPO題庫(kù)也是有著不斷的更新。在托福閱讀的備考過(guò)程中，除了大量的閱讀之外，全面了解托福閱讀的題型和解題方法也都是非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)。而對(duì)于很多備考托福的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，TPO往往就是一個(gè)首先的備考材料。今天，小編就為大家?guī)��?lái)托福TPO42閱讀真題解析：Passage 3。

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Callisto and Ganymede

paragraph 1
From 1996 to 1999, the Galileo spacecraft passed through the Jovian system, providing much information about Jupiter's satellites. Callisto, the outermost of Jupiter's four largest satellites, orbits the planet in seventeen days at a distance from Jupiter of two million kilometers. Like our own Moon. Callisto rotates in the same period as it revolves, so it always keeps the same face toward Jupiter. Its noontime surface temperature is only about -140°C, so water ice is stable on its surface year-round. Callisto has a diameter of 4.820 kilometers, almost the same as that of Mercury. Its mass is only one-third as great, which means its density must be only one-third as great as well. This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior.

1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about Callisto is true?
【事實(shí)信息題】
A. It is the satellite closest to Jupiter's surface
B. Its surface temperature is constant at all times of the day.
C. It has the same mass and diameter as the planet Mercury
D. It completes one rotation every seventeen days.
答案：D

解析：根據(jù)原文Callisto, the outermost of Jupiter's four largest satellites, orbits the planet in seventeen days at a distance from Jupiter of two million kilometers.可知，orbits the planet in seventeen days at a distance from Jupiter 對(duì)應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)中的one rotation every seventeen days. 所以D選項(xiàng)正確。

2. According to paragraph 1, how do scientists know that Callisto is made up largely of ice?
【事實(shí)信息題】
A. A sample of its interior was taken by the Galileo spacecraft in the late 1990s
B. It has too low a density to contain much rocky metallic material
C. With a noontime surface temperature of only about .140° C. the ice on it never melts
D. All of the bodies in the Jovian system are icy, because they are so far from the Sun.
答案：B

解析：根據(jù)ice定位至原文This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior. 其中far less of the rocky metallic materials對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)中的too low a density to contain much rocky metallic material. 所以B選項(xiàng)正確。

paragraph 2
Callisto has not fully differentiated, meaning separated into layers of different density materials. Astronomers can tell that it lacks a dense core from the details of its gravitational pull on the Galileo spacecraft during several very close flybys. This fact surprised scientists, who expected that all the big icy moons would be differentiated. It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one, since the melting temperature of ice is so low. Only a little heating will soften the ice and get the process started, allowing the rock and metal to sink to the center and the slushy ice to float to the surface. Yet Callisto seems to have frozen solid before the process of differentiation was complete.

3.Why does the author provide the information that “It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one”? 【事實(shí)信息題】
A. To support the claim that all of the big icy moons are differentiated
B. To suggest that Callisto may be a rocky body rather than an icy one
C. To explain why scientists expected Callisto to be differentiated
D. To refute the claim that Callisto could not differentiate because it was frozen solid
答案：C

解析：根據(jù)原文This fact surprised scientists, who expected that all the big icy moons would be differentiated.可知scientists expected對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)中的This fact surprised scientists. 所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

4. All of the following questions are answered in paragraph 2 EXCEPT: 【否定事實(shí)信息題】
A. Why was Callisto frozen solid before differentiation was complete?
B. What allows the process of differentiation to get started?
C. Why is it easier for an icy body to differentiate than a rocky one?
D. How do astronomers know that Callisto lacks a dense core?
答案：A

解析：原文Only a little heating will soften the ice and get the process started, allowing the rock and metal to sink to the center and the slushy ice to float to the surface.對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)。It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one, since the melting temperature of ice is so low.對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)。Astronomers can tell that it lacks a dense core from the details of its gravitational pull on the Galileo spacecraft during several very close flybys. 對(duì)應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)。所以選擇A選項(xiàng)。

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paragraph 3
Like our Moon's highlands, the surface of Callisto is covered with impact craters. The survival of these craters tells us that an icy object can form and retain impact craters m its surface. In thinking of ice so far from the Sun, it is important not to judge its behavior from that of the much warmer ice we know on Earth; at the temperatures of the outer solar system, ice on the surface is nearly as hard as rock, and behaves similarly. Ice on Callisto does not deform or flow like ice in glaciers on Earth. Callisto is unique among the planet-sized objects of the solar system in its absence of interior forces to drive geological evolution. The satellite was born dead and has remained geologically dead for more than four billion years.

5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 【句子簡(jiǎn)化題】
A. It should not be assumed that surface ice has the same characteristics wherever it is found
B. Surface ice and rock are much more similar in temperature in the outer solar system than they are on Earth.
C. The further away surface ice is from the Sun, the more its temperature differs from that of the warmer ice on Earth
D. In the cold of the outer solar system, surface ice is so hard it behaves more like rock than like the warmer ice on Earth
答案：D

解析：highlighted句子主干在后半部分，at the temperatures of the outer solar system, ice on the surface is nearly as hard as rock, and behaves similarly.注意之間的比較關(guān)系，參考前半句話，much warmer ice we know on Earth. 所以只有D選項(xiàng)符合句意。

6.According to paragraph 3, how is Callisto different from all other planet-sized objects in the solar system? 【事實(shí)信息題】
A. It can form and retain impact craters on its icy surface
B. It has ice glaciers that do not flow or deform.
C. It has never had the interior forces required for geological evolution.
D. It is more than four billion years old.
答案：C

解析：根據(jù)planet-sized objects 定位至原文its absence of interior forces to drive geological evolution可知，木衛(wèi)星缺少內(nèi)部動(dòng)力來(lái)引發(fā)地質(zhì)演化，其中its absence對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)的It has never had, 所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

paragraph 4
Ganymede, another of Jupiter's satellites and the largest in our solar system, is also cratered, but less so than Callisto. About one-quarter of its surface seems to be as old and heavily cratered; the rest formed more recently, as we can tell by the sparse covering of impact craters as well as the relative freshness of the craters. Ganymede is a differentiated world, like the terrestrial planets. Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon, with a mantle and crust of ice floating above it. In addition, the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, the signature of a partially molten interior. Ganymede is not a dead world, but rather a place of continuing geological activity powered by an internal heat source. Much of its surface may be as young as half a billion years.

7. The word “signature” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. primary cause
B. end result
C. identifying mark
D. by-product
答案：C

解析：signature, 簽名，信號(hào)，標(biāo)志。
Primary cause, 主因。End result, 最終結(jié)果。Identifying mark, 識(shí)別標(biāo)記。By-product, 副產(chǎn)品。所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

8. According to paragraph 4, each of the following provides evidence about Ganymede's interior EXCEPT 【否定事實(shí)信息題】
A. Ganymede's large size
B. measurements of Ganymede's gravity field
C. the fact that Ganymede has a magnetic field
D. the fact that Ganymede continues to be geologically active
答案：A

解析：原文Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon,對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)。the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, 對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)。but rather a place of continuing geological activity powered by an internal heat source, 對(duì)應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)。所以選擇A選項(xiàng)。

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paragraph 5
The younger terrain is the result of tectonic and volcanic forces Some features formed when the crust cracked, flooding many of the craters with water from the interior. Extensive mountain ranges were formed from compression of the crust, forming long ridges with parallel valleys spaced one to two kilometers apart. In some places older impact craters were split and pulled apart. There are even indications of large-scale crustal movements that are similar to the plate tectonics of Earth.

9. The word “Extensive” in the passage is closet in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. Unusual
B. Large
C. New
D. Steep
答案：B

解析：extensive, 大量的，廣闊的。
Unusual, 與眾不同的。Large, 大的。New, 新的。Steep, 陡峭的。所以B選項(xiàng)正確。

10. Paragraph 5 supports each of the following statements about Ganymede EXCEPT:
【否定事實(shí)信息題】
A. All water on it has always been frozen solid.
B. There is evidence that part of its crust once broke open
C. Its crust has been subject to forces that have created mountains and valleys.
D. Some of its older craters have been split apart by more recent geological activity
答案：A

解析：原文Some features formed when the crust cracked對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)，其中crust cracked對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)中的crust once broke open.原文Extensive mountain ranges were formed from compression of the crust, forming long ridges with parallel valleys spaced one to two kilometers apart.對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)。原文In some places older impact craters were split and pulled apart.對(duì)應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)。所以選擇A選項(xiàng)。

paragraph 6
Why is Ganymede different from Callisto? Possibly the small difference in size and internal heating between the two led to this divergence in their evolution. But more likely the gravity of Jupiter is to blame for Ganymede's continuing geological activity. Ganymede is close enough to Jupiter that tidal forces from the giant planet may have episodically heated its interior and triggered major convulsions on its crust.

11. According to paragraph 6, the differences in how Callisto and Ganymede evoked are most probably due to differences in their 【事實(shí)信息題】
A. size and internal heating
B. distance from Jupiter
C. chemical and physical composition
D. age
答案：B

解析：根據(jù)原文Ganymede is close enough to Jupiter that tidal forces from the giant planet may have episodically heated its interior and triggered major convulsions on its crust.可知，Ganymede距離木星更近，其中Ganymede is close enough to Jupiter對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)的distance from Jupiter, 所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. 【句子插入題】
The difference between Ganymede and Callisto, however, extend much further below the surface of the satellites.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on square [■] to add the sentence to the passage
Ganymede, another of Jupiter's satellites and the largest in our solar system, is also cratered, but less so than Callisto. [■] About one-quarter of its surface seems to be as old and heavily cratered; the rest formed more recently, as we can tell by the sparse covering of impact craters as well as the relative freshness of the craters. [■] Ganymede is a differentiated world, like the terrestrial planets. [■] Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon, with a mantle and crust of ice floating above it. [■] In addition, the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, the signature of a partially molten interior. Ganymede is not a dead world, but rather a place of continuing geological activity powered by an internal heat source. Much of its surface may be as young as half a billion years.
答案：B

解析：待插入句子意為，Ganymede和Callisto的差別延伸到了衛(wèi)星表面之下很遠(yuǎn)。B選項(xiàng)之后的內(nèi)容就開(kāi)始說(shuō)Ganymede和Callisto的具體不同之處了。所以B選項(xiàng)正確。

13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.【表格題】
Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text
Between 600 B.C. and 450 B.C., Athens changed the distribution of political power between the aristocracy and ordinary citizens.
Callisto
Ganymede
Answer Choices
A. It has a core that consists mainly of rock and metal.
B. It may have formed as recently as half a billion years ago
C. Its interior is not fully solid
D. Its evolution has probably been strongly influenced by Jupiter's gravity
E. It always keeps the same face toward Jupiter as it orbits the planet
F. Its crust is covered by slow-moving glaciers
G. Its entire surface is heavily cratered
答案：
Callisto：E, G
Ganymede：A, C, D

解析：
Callisto：
根據(jù)原文Callisto rotates in the same period as it revolves, so it always keeps the same face toward Jupiter.可知E選項(xiàng)正確。
根據(jù)原文Ganymede, another of Jupiter's satellites and the largest in our solar system, is also cratered, but less so than Callisto.其中is also cratered, but less so than Callisto對(duì)應(yīng)G選項(xiàng)中的Its entire surface is heavily cratered. 所以G選項(xiàng)正確。
Ganymede：
根據(jù)原文Ganymede is a differentiated world, like the terrestrial planets. Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon, with a mantle and crust of ice floating above it.其中the rock and metal sank to form a core對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)中的a core that consists mainly of rock and metal, 所以A選項(xiàng)正確。
根據(jù)原文In addition, the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, the signature of a partially molten interior.其中molten interior對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)中的not fully solid. 所以C選項(xiàng)正確。
根據(jù)原文But more likely the gravity of Jupiter is to blame for Ganymede's continuing geological activity.可知D選項(xiàng)正確，Ganymede的演變是被木星的地心引力所影響的。

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