TPO42綜合寫作之憤怒的小鳥(niǎo)
（附聽(tīng)力文本和拓展閱讀）

因?yàn)樵撈�綜寫的素材主要實(shí)在講小鳥(niǎo)撞擊玻璃受傷的內(nèi)容，我們姑且稱TPO42綜寫為憤怒的小鳥(niǎo)（Angry Birds）吧。首先還是我們常規(guī)方法，閱讀信息重點(diǎn)標(biāo)紅，然后分享一下新通田嬌老師獨(dú)家出品的聽(tīng)力聽(tīng)寫版以及重點(diǎn)標(biāo)紅信息，最后再給大家分享一個(gè)拓展閱讀，也是跟TPO42綜寫內(nèi)容息息相關(guān)的，是關(guān)于鳥(niǎo)類撞擊玻璃的一些大數(shù)據(jù)和一種新型的防止鳥(niǎo)類撞擊玻璃的特制玻璃的科學(xué)拓展閱讀。

一、閱讀文本

Glass is a favored building material for modern architecture, yet it is also very dangerous for wild birds. Because they often cannot distinguish between glass and open air, millions of birds are harmed every year when they try to fly through glass windows. There are, however, several solutions that responsible businesses can use to prevent injuries to birds.

One-Way Glass

One solution is to replace the regular, clear glass with one-way glass that is transparent in only one direction. The occupants of the building can see out, but birds and others cannot see in. If birds cannot see through a window, they will understand that the glass forms a solid barrier and will not try to fly through it.

Colorful Designs

A second solution is to paint colorful lines or other designs on regular window glass. For example, a window could have a design of thin stripes painted over the glass. People would still be able to see through the openings in the design where there is no paint, while birds would see the stripes and thus avoid trying to fly through the glass. Architects can be encouraged to include colorful painted patterns on glass as part of the general design of buildings.

Magnetic Field

The third solution is to create an artificial magnetic field to guide birds away from buildings. Humans use an instrument called a magnetic compass to determine directions—either north, south, east, or west. Bird research has shown that birds have a natural ability to sense Earth’s magnetic fields; this ability works just like a compass, and it helps birds navigate in the right direction when they fly. A building in a bird flight path can be equipped with powerful electromagnets that emit magnetic signals that steer birds in a direction away from the building.

閱讀文本中沒(méi)有太難的單詞，如果一定要說(shuō)詞匯的話，可能三個(gè)單詞需要解釋，分別是occupant居住者或者占有者，electromagnet電磁體和emit發(fā)散（熱、光、氣體、氣味等）。

閱讀的大體內(nèi)容在說(shuō)因?yàn)轼B(niǎo)兒不能區(qū)分玻璃和露天環(huán)境，導(dǎo)致每年有很多的鳥(niǎo)兒試圖穿過(guò)玻璃致傷，閱讀提供了三種防止鳥(niǎo)兒撞擊玻璃的相關(guān)建議。

1、單向玻璃：第一種建議是用單項(xiàng)玻璃替代普通（透明）玻璃，讓樓里的居住者可以看見(jiàn)外面但是鳥(niǎo)兒看不到里面。如果鳥(niǎo)兒看不到里面，他們應(yīng)該可以理解玻璃是固體障礙而不會(huì)想要穿過(guò)玻璃。

2、多彩設(shè)計(jì)：第二種建議是在普通玻璃上涂上彩條或者彩色設(shè)計(jì)，鳥(niǎo)兒看到多彩設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)避免撞穿玻璃。

3、磁場(chǎng)：第三種建議是建立人工磁場(chǎng)去規(guī)避鳥(niǎo)兒撞建筑物。原因是鳥(niǎo)兒本身有在飛行時(shí)幫助它們導(dǎo)航的感知地球磁場(chǎng)的能力，大樓裝了電磁場(chǎng)發(fā)射磁干擾可以避免鳥(niǎo)兒撞擊。

二、聽(tīng)力文本

None of the solutions you’ve read about will effectively stop birds from getting injured.

First, replacing regular glass with one-way glass. Well, the problem with one-way glass is that to the bird on the outside, a one-way glass surface reflects just like a mirror and the surface that reflects like a mirror is just as bad as regular glass for birds, because birds don’t understand mirrors. If they see a reflection of the sky in the mirror or of a tree in the mirror, they think their reflection is the sky or is the tree and then fly right into them.

The second solution, painting colorful patterns like strips on regular glass also has problems. As the reading said, these designs include openings so people inside the building can see out, but birds will perceive these unpainted openings as open holes and if birds think they are seeing holes, they will try to fly right through them. So prevent birds from doing this, the unpainted spaces in a window would have to be extremely small but that would then make the rooms in the buildings too dark for the people inside them.

The third solution, creating an artificial magnetic field wouldn’t work very well either. Well, its true that birds use earth’s magnetic field to help them navigate, they use this only when they are traveling very long distances. For example, if a bird is migrating from a clod country to a warm one before winter, it will use its magnetic sense to figure out which way it should fly, but this ability isn’t used to go over short distances such as going from one side of the city to another. For short distance, birds use their eyes and the brightness of light to determine where to go. So magnetic signals from buildings wouldn’t have much effect.

聽(tīng)力反駁閱讀觀點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容主要是說(shuō)閱讀提供的建議沒(méi)有哪個(gè)是能特別有效阻止鳥(niǎo)兒受傷的。

1、單向玻璃跟鏡子一樣可以反射，鳥(niǎo)兒因?yàn)椴欢�得鏡面反射會(huì)以為天空或者樹(shù)的反射就是天空或者樹(shù)，它們還是會(huì)正面撞上去。
2、涂彩條也是有問(wèn)題的，鳥(niǎo)兒會(huì)認(rèn)為沒(méi)有涂色的空間是洞而試圖穿洞過(guò)去。如果想要阻止鳥(niǎo)兒穿洞，不涂色的留白空間要很小，但是這又會(huì)讓樓內(nèi)房間很黑。
3、制造一個(gè)人工電磁場(chǎng)也不會(huì)很有效，鳥(niǎo)兒確實(shí)會(huì)依據(jù)地球磁場(chǎng)導(dǎo)航，但是只是在他們長(zhǎng)途遷徙的時(shí)候才使用，城市間的短途穿行依靠眼睛和感光去判斷方向，所以建筑物發(fā)出的磁干擾信號(hào)也不太會(huì)有效。

三、拓展閱讀

1、可怕的死亡數(shù)據(jù)：

一項(xiàng)美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部林務(wù)局（USDA forest service）公布的數(shù)據(jù)稱在美國(guó)每年因人為因素死亡鳥(niǎo)類數(shù)量中，占最主要比例的死亡原因是撞擊建筑物玻璃造成的鳥(niǎo)類死亡。平均每年美國(guó)有5.5億的人為因素鳥(niǎo)類死亡，撞擊玻璃的死亡占到了58.2%. 上圖分享了一張林務(wù)局排列的因撞擊玻璃死亡的小鳥(niǎo)尸體，阿彌陀佛，如果能讓鳥(niǎo)兒有辦法識(shí)別玻璃，將會(huì)減少很多鳥(niǎo)類死亡。

2、可喜的科研成果：

在分享了一個(gè)比較壓抑的死亡數(shù)據(jù)后，再給大家分享一個(gè)比較欣喜的研究成果，目前有一種相對(duì)比較有效的讓鳥(niǎo)類可以識(shí)別玻璃并自主躲避的特制玻璃，是三個(gè)不同專業(yè)和職位的德國(guó)人抱成一團(tuán)兒研發(fā)的，據(jù)說(shuō)通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)66%的鳥(niǎo)類自主識(shí)別玻璃并成功躲避撞擊哦！而這個(gè)玻璃有個(gè)非常耿直甚至很直觀的名字叫anti-bird-strike glass，字面直接翻譯為防止鳥(niǎo)擊的玻璃！Word哥，這個(gè)高科技的專屬玻璃，怎么也得使用縮寫ABS（anti-bird-strike） Glass來(lái)增加一下它的神秘氣息好嘛！好了，作者不淘氣了，給大家講一下專屬玻璃的研發(fā)故事和原理就打烊手工吧！

話說(shuō)事情是這樣的，在德國(guó)慕尼黑有一個(gè)公園叫海拉布動(dòng)物園（Hellabrunn Zoo），在這個(gè)89英畝的動(dòng)物園里有一個(gè)機(jī)智又善良的園長(zhǎng)叫安德拉斯 科尼爾海姆（Andras Knieriem），他每天看到很多小鳥(niǎo)因?yàn)樽矒舨ＡФ�死亡特別的捉急，所以找了德國(guó)一家玻璃公司（Aronld Glas）的玻璃專家叫克里斯蒂安 依姆舍爾（Christian Irmscher）以及他的一個(gè)鳥(niǎo)類學(xué)家的基友叫沃爾夫?qū)?費(fèi)德勒（Wolfgang Fieldler）來(lái)研究防止鳥(niǎo)兒撞擊的專屬玻璃。這三個(gè)不同領(lǐng)域的專家開(kāi)始組團(tuán)搞事兒，結(jié)果還真被他們搗鼓出了一些成果。他們搞事兒的靈感來(lái)自于蜘蛛（spider）的蛛絲（cobweb），因?yàn)橹┲霝榱吮苊怿B(niǎo)類總是撞破他們的蜘蛛網(wǎng)（畢竟是捕食的工具啊）會(huì)分泌一種可以反射紫外線（UV reflective biochemicals）的化學(xué)物質(zhì)來(lái)織網(wǎng)。而鳥(niǎo)類的視網(wǎng)膜（retina of birds）剛好有一種人類不具備的識(shí)別紫外線的錐細(xì)胞（cone cell），當(dāng)鳥(niǎo)兒接收到了紫外線的視覺(jué)信息就避開(kāi)蜘蛛網(wǎng)。Word哥，這就是傳說(shuō)中的仿生學(xué)（bionic glass）玻璃�。�

然后這三個(gè)機(jī)智又投緣的三個(gè)德國(guó)哥一不做二不休，在玻璃里添加了能反射紫外線光的物質(zhì)并造型成蜘蛛網(wǎng)的樣子，這樣人眼看上去是透明的玻璃（人的視網(wǎng)膜沒(méi)有可以接受紫外線的錐細(xì)胞，所以人看不到蜘蛛網(wǎng)花紋）而鳥(niǎo)兒看到的卻是仿生的蜘蛛網(wǎng)圖案的玻璃。Word哥，反正我只知道有這么個(gè)高科技的防止鳥(niǎo)兒撞擊的玻璃存在，但是并不知道它們是否昂貴以后會(huì)不會(huì)大批量被使用。據(jù)說(shuō)目前的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)體現(xiàn)到規(guī)避各種鳥(niǎo)兒撞擊玻璃的成功率在66%，希望這個(gè)仿生發(fā)明可以造福鳥(niǎo)兒免遭意外死亡。

拓展閱讀就分享到這里吧，同學(xué)們?nèi)绻�有興趣的話可以組織寫一下TPO42綜合寫作，發(fā)送給新通教育陜西微信客服新美美（xinmeimeixian）或者撥打400-618-0272來(lái)免費(fèi)獲取精修一下語(yǔ)用、取材組織和改寫細(xì)節(jié)的服務(wù)哦！

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