雅思大作文常見的六種論證類型

一.列舉法

用于列舉觀點(diǎn),理由等,是每篇大作文一定會使用到的一種發(fā)展手法,它是在段落主題句之后用于闡述觀點(diǎn)或者理由的句子.列舉法的常用連接詞有:

in the first place, apart from, in addition to, moreover, furthermore, also, in addition, besides, for one thing…for another, on the other hand等.此外,有時(shí)候我們還可以用諸如from a helicopter view或者from a microcosmic view來進(jìn)行大類視角的切換,這種也屬于列舉. 以下我們先來看幾個經(jīng)典的例子:

1. However, reaching the conclusion that other subjects are no longer important is biased, the obvious benefits of subjects like music and sports for students cannot be denied. For one thing, learning music can cultivate one’s temperament and foster patience and consistency which are both coveted traits for the students. For another, sports energizes students, hence, they are able to plough into their studies enthusiastically and with confidence.

以上的2段文字屬于”同類”視角的切換,換言之,都是在”微觀”的范圍里進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換,以下我們再來看一段文字:

2. From a helicopter view, in countries, particularly developing ones, the economic advances need numerous professional talents in the fields like finance, management, legislation, medicine, thereby putting universities in a pivotal position of nurturing these professionals.

在這段文字中,作者從”微觀”,切換到了”宏觀”,即所謂的大類視角切換,也同屬于列舉法的范疇,因此我們在用列舉法發(fā)展段落時(shí),同時(shí)要注意理由,觀點(diǎn)的類別,在發(fā)展的時(shí)候要注意層次感,使用的連接詞要準(zhǔn)確.一般建議在列舉時(shí)從”小”寫到”大”。

二.舉例法

用于事例加以說明,從而增加論證的說服力,同時(shí)也是增加字?jǐn)?shù)的一種簡單的方法.舉例法常用連接詞

有:for example, for instance, such as, namely, take something for example, etc, 有時(shí)候我們還可以用一些句子來拖例子,比如 This is true given the example of … 還能用一些副詞來接續(xù)后面的例子,比如 indeed, today, nowadays…等. 以下我們也來看一些經(jīng)典的例子:

Television has negative effects on people. For instance, television commercials distort the truth about products. Crime films on television encourage violence. And television documentaries stop people from thinking independently.

三．假設(shè)論證法

假設(shè)論證是中國考生比較熟悉的一種論證方法，在學(xué)生的文章中也不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，假設(shè)論證方法是學(xué)生們應(yīng)用比較得心應(yīng)手的方法。

假設(shè)論證發(fā)的好處在于不會讓考生無話可說，在任何情況下都不要擔(dān)心作文字?jǐn)?shù)的問題。舉個例子，如果題目觀點(diǎn)是高校的科研資金應(yīng)該有政府負(fù)擔(dān)還是有當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)的問題。學(xué)生的分論點(diǎn)是應(yīng)該由政府負(fù)擔(dān)，那么論證就可以采用假設(shè)論證的方法。

If the fund of the postgraduate research is subsidized by the local government, the reputation of government would definitely be enhanced.

四．因果法

分為2個層面,一是先因后國,二是先果后因,2者皆屬于因果法,此法也是4種論述手法中最主要的一種,也幾乎是每篇文章必然會使用的方法,因果法常用的連接詞有:therefore, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, because of this, hence, thus, thereby, for this reason, result in, lead to, the cause of, the reason for, as a result of, owing to, due to, because, since, as, result from, boil down to, attribute to等.因果法尤其在”分析解決型”大作文中是主要的段落論述手法。

五．讓步論證法

讓步論證法是中國考生較陌生的一個概念。其實(shí)，在中學(xué)的時(shí)候?qū)W習(xí)狀語從句，我們就學(xué)過讓步的關(guān)系，先退一步承認(rèn)一個與自己觀點(diǎn)相反的事實(shí)，再轉(zhuǎn)折給出自己的觀點(diǎn)，否定前者。句型如下：

Although/ though/ in spite of the fact that …

As is granted/ Admittedly, …

讓步論證好處在于一句話可以表達(dá)兩個意思，同時(shí)，在否定了前者的前提下，后者便的更加有力。同時(shí)也體現(xiàn)出了考生考慮問題的周全性。給大家舉個例子。

如果題目是有關(guān)存錢的必要性的問題，我們用讓步論證的話，我們要先承認(rèn)存錢的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，再根據(jù)所列有點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反駁。

六．比較法

通過對2個以上事物或者人物的對比對主題加以說明,對比法常用的連接詞有:likewise, similarly, at the same time, in contrast, nevertheless, still, instead, rather, on the contrary, after all, unlike, while, whilst等,有時(shí)候可以用條件狀語從句來進(jìn)行對比,也可以用介賓短語來引導(dǎo)對比. 以下是用對比法的一個段落:

Stability also contributes to the proliferation of fossil fuels in both industrial production and household application. A power station fuelled by coal is able to generate electricity constantly, whilst the production of a wind power station largely depends on the weather. Similarly, a household solar geyser can not work properly in rainy days when people will have to use gas water heater.

通過對比,可以形成鮮明的反差,從而增加論述的力度,這種論證方法尤其適用于單邊的段落中,使用起來非常的簡單.

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