托福TPO44閱讀真題解析：Passage 2

TPO，即toefl Practice Online的首寫字母，就是托福在線練習(xí)的意思，TPO可以為考生提供全真的模擬考試環(huán)境和過往真題，而TPO題庫也是有著不斷的更新。在托福閱讀的備考過程中，除了大量的閱讀之外，全面了解托福閱讀的題型和解題方法也都是非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)。而對于很多備考托福的學(xué)生來說，TPO往往就是一個首先的備考材料。今天，小編就為大家?guī)�來托福TPO44閱讀真題解析：Passage 2。

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The Use of the Camera Obscura

1. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Giovanni Battista Della Porta's contribution to the camera obscura? 【推理題】
A. He translated a Chinese description of the use of the camera obscura and made the technique available to artists.
B. His convex lens made the projected image easier to trace.
C. His version of the camera obscura allowed for the later addition of a mirror.
D. His improvements relied heavily on design changes proposed earlier by Leonardo da Vinci.
答案： B

解析： 通過關(guān)鍵詞Giovanni Battista Della Porta's 定位到第1段In 1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty-volume work Magia naturalis (meaning "natural magic") instructions for adding a convex lens to improve the quality of the image thrown against a canvas or panel in the darkened area where its outlines could be traced. 顯然選項B他的凸透鏡convex lens使得投影圖像更容易記錄，與原文信息一致。

2. The word “portable” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. valuable
B. practical
C. moveable
D. popular
答案： C

解析：portable 便攜的，選項A值錢的;選項B實用的;選項C可移動的;選項D流行的。所以選項C正確。

3. The word "projected" in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. whole
B. corrected
C. enlarged
D. shown
答案： D

解析：projected投影的，選項A全部的;選項B正確的;選項C放大的;選項D展現(xiàn)的。所以選項D正確。

4. Paragraph 2 answers which of the following questions about paintings by Vermeer? 【事實信息題】
A. What characteristics of Vermeer’s paintings suggest that he may have used a camera obscura?
B. Why did Vermeer produce only about 30 paintings?
C. Do Vermeer's paintings in general suggest that he was unable to paint accurately without using a camera obscura?
D. Why did Vermeer need to draw an image on the canvas of the painting that was X-rayed if he was using a camera obscura?
答案： A

解析： 在原文第2段中定位到One of the artists whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view is the great Dutch master, Jan Vermeer…此句是對此段開篇問句的解釋Did some of the great masters of painting, then, trace their images using a camera obscura? Some art historians are now looking for clues of artists' use of such devices. 接下去的信息都是在講Vermeer使用camera obscura制作的畫作的特點，顯然選項A與原文意思一致。

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5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 【句子簡化題】
A. One artist with a particularly interesting point of view about the use of the camera obscura in painting was Jan Vermeer, who lived in the Netherlands from 1632 to 1675.
B. Historical analyses suggest that Dutch masters were interested in the science of optics, so they may have used the camera obscura to trace images.
C. The use of the camera obscura is being analyzed in the paintings of Jan Vermeer, who lived in the Netherlands when art and science were flourishing there.
D. One view held by historians is that most Dutch masters were as interested in art as they were in science, and that provides clues about the techniques used in their paintings.
答案： C

6. What does paragraph 2 indicate about Vermeer’s The Art of Painting ? 【事實信息題】
A. It is the first in a series of about 30 paintings that he created.
B. It may have been painted by one of his students.
C. it was in his possession until his death in 1675.
D. It has the same setting as several other works of his.
答案： D

解析： 通過關(guān)鍵詞The Art of Painting在第2段可以很容易定位到，選項A中Vermeer produced only about 30 known paintings, including his famous The Art of Painting. The room shown in it closely resembles the room in other Vermeer paintings, with lighting coming from a window on the left, the same roof beams, and similar floor tiles, suggesting that the room was fitted with a camera obscura on the side in the foreground.選項A中的30副畫中所創(chuàng)作的first在原文中并未被提及;選項B中由他學(xué)生之一所創(chuàng)作的與原文中Vermeer did not have any students意思相悖;選項C此畫是他的財產(chǎn)直到1675年，原文中并沒有提及此細節(jié);選項D此畫與他其他的畫作有同樣的擺設(shè)，與原文信息一致。

7. The word "faithful" in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. unusual
B. extensive
C. exact
D. historical
答案： C

解析：faithful 準(zhǔn)確的，選項A不尋常的;選項B廣泛的;選項C準(zhǔn)確的;選項D歷史性的。所以選項C正確。

8. Why does the author provide the information that 'When one of Vermeer's paintings was X-rayed, it did not have any preliminary sketches on the canvas beneath the paint, but rather the complete image drawn in black and white without any trial sketches"? 【修辭目的題】
A. To provide an example of a way to learn about the practices of artists who did not keep good records
B. To emphasize Vermeer’s confidence and skill as an artist
C. To provide evidence that Vermeer may have traced the image using a camera obscura
D. To argue that Vermeer did his preliminary sketching on paper, rather than on canvas
答案： C

解析： 此句意思是當(dāng)Vermeer其中的畫作被X光拍時，在帆布畫作下面沒有任何草圖，而是完整的黑白素描沒有嘗試的圖樣。此句是為了解釋此段的第一句Did some of the great masters of painting, then, trace their images using a camera obscura? 所以選項C正確。

9. According to paragraph 3, Hockney believes that all of the following indicate use of a camera obscura EXCEPT 【否定事實信息題】
A. very detailed, realistic work
B. increased contrast between light and dark
C. oversimplification of forms when the image is traced
D. complicated foreshortening of objects
答案： C

解析： 選項A非常詳盡的、逼真的作品。與原文細節(jié)used the device to produce almost photographically realistic details in their paintings一致;選項B增加光和暗色之間的對比，與原文細節(jié)信息also increases the contrast between light and dark一致;選項C中的oversimplification過于簡化與原文信息相悖;選項D物體復(fù)雜的投影縮減法，與原文細節(jié)信息the complicated foreshortening in the chandelier and the intricate detail in the bride’s garments are among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura一致。

10. The word "intricate” in the passage is closest in meaning to 【詞匯題】
A. surprising
B. complex
C. beautiful
D. clear
答案： B

解析： intricate 復(fù)雜的，選項A驚訝的;選項B錯綜復(fù)雜的;選項C美麗的;選項D干凈的。所以選項B正確。

11. The word “diminish" in the passage is closest in meaning to【詞匯題】
A. reduce
B. affect
C. reflect
D. determine
答案： A

解析： diminish減少的，選項A減少;選項B影響;選項C反映;選項D決定。所以選項A正確。

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12. According to paragraph 4，what does Hockney argue about the use of the camera obscura in producing art? 【事實信息題】
A. Works produced using a camera obscura do not deserve as much respect as those produced without it.
B. The camera obscura was probably used primarily as a training device, rather than used in producing finished works.
C. Use of the camera obscura by Western art’s great masters was probably relatively rare.
D. While the use of the camera obscura may have helped artists, they still needed to have significant artistic ability.
答案： D

解析： 第4段Hockney argues that the camera obscura does not replace artistic skill in drawing and painting. Hockney認為camera obscura不會取代繪畫的藝術(shù)技能。選項D意思是雖然使用camera obscura可以幫助藝術(shù)家，但他們還是需要具備重要的藝術(shù)技能的，與原文表達意思一致。

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
All these developments helped artists to create accurate images of objects, people, and scenes.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage 【句子插入題】
答案： D

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. 【概要小結(jié)題】
To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT
The camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small hole
A. Evidence that the use of the camera obscura has long been known is provided by its description in many sources, including works dating back to Chinese writers from the fifth century B.C.
B. Some historians who have studied paintings by Western masters have found clues indicating that the masters may have secretly used the camera obscura in their works.
C. It is now widely believed that the use of the camera obscura led to the development of a style of photographic realism in Western art.
D. The camera obscura was most widely used by artists in Seventeenth-century Netherlands, a period when art and science thrived
E. The unique features of Vermeer’s The Art of Painting make it unlikely that it was made with a camera obscura, as opposed to his other works.
F. The artist David Hockney has speculated that artists probably combined the use of the camera A with their own original observations from life.
答案： ABF

解析： 選項A是對第1段前半句的概括，camera obscura很早就被使用的證據(jù);選項B是對第2段的概括總結(jié)，西方一些繪畫大師在創(chuàng)作的過程中會秘密使用camera obscur;選項C中廣泛認為camera obscura促使photographic realism的方式在西方發(fā)展，與原文信息不符;選項D中17世紀(jì)Netherlands是否camera obscura很盛行在原文中并沒有被提及;選項E與原文信息不符，原文講的The Art of Painting與他的其他作品都很相似;選項F是對第4段的總結(jié)，藝術(shù)家結(jié)合camera obscura和他們對生活的觀察去創(chuàng)作的。

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