GMAT語法改錯(cuò)之Use of –ing form（上）

在GMAT考試中，難免會遇到語法用錯(cuò)的情況，今天GMAT資深教師王杰老師為大家解讀一下GMAT語法改錯(cuò)之Use of –ing form（上），希望對參加GMAT考試的童鞋們有所幫助。

首先我們來熟悉下GMAT語法用錯(cuò)的幾種形式：
Gerunds (-ING nouns)
Infinitives (TO + VERB)
VERBAL Nouns (destroydestruction)

通過一個(gè)例題我們來體會下GMAT語法中Gerunds和VERBAL Nouns的差別： 【在線咨詢】

Thirteen states from all regions of the country announced a plan to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt emission limits that would be far stricter than the federal rules.
A to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt 
B to impose new controls on truck and bus engines' pollution by the joint adoption of
C to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines by jointly adopting
D for imposing new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines, and jointly adopting
E for imposing new controls on truck and bus engine pollution in the joint adoption of

解析：What’s the difference between “the adoption” and “adopting”?
(The first is actually a noun: the second is a “gerund”)
Try to explain the difference in meaning:
 I have dedicated my career to the exposure of injustice in the court system.
？I am somehow involved with the exposure of injustice, but not necessarily directly (e.g., maybe I donate money to a charity that dose this)
 I have dedicated my career to the exposing injustice in the court system.
？I am the one who has actually been exposing injustice.

Verbal nouns (like “the exposure”) are IMPERSONAL: the DON’T convey the idea that the subject is directly involved.
Gerunds generally DO convey the idea that the subject is directly involved in the process.

總結(jié)一下就是Gerunds表示主語直接參與了這個(gè)過程，而Verbal nouns則沒有。

If you write “imposing new controls…AND adopting emission limits”, then the implication is that these are 2 DIFFERENT, INDEPENDENT things.

Another example:
 There was a lot of traffic on the freeway, and I was late to work.
？“AND” implies that these are SEPARATE & INDEPENDENT, so the implication is that I was NOT made late by the traffic. Instead, the meaning is just “Here are two unfortunate things that happened today.”

同時(shí)我們補(bǔ)充下GMAT語法中plan to和plan for的差別： 【在線咨詢】

PLAN TO + verb  MEANING: this verb is some action that I directly plan to do.
  I plan to sell my old clothes. = my plan is to sell my old clothes.
？This is what I’m going to do.

PLAN FOR + verbing  MEANING: “verbing” is the GOAL or PURPOSE of the plan, but it’s not the actual mechanics of the plan.
  My plan for making money is to sell my old clothes.

我們來看幾個(gè)例題來練習(xí)下GMAT語法： 【在線咨詢】

1.The Chicago and Calumet Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing canals so that the water now empties into the Mississippi by way of the Illinois River.
A Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing
B Rivers had originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but they have been redirected by constructing
C Rivers, which originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan but have been redirected by the construction of 
D Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by the construction of 
E Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, have been redirected through the construction of

2.Genetic engineering sometimes entails plant or animal genes' getting spliced into other species' DNA, either to improve crop yields or for warding off insects or disease.
A plant or animal genes' getting spliced into other species' DNA, either to improve crop yields or for warding off 
B plant or animal genes that get spliced into the DNA of other species, either for improving crop yields or the warding off of 
C the splicing of plant or animal genes into other species' DNA, to either improve crop yields or to ward off 
D splicing plant or animal genes into the DNA of other species, either to improve crop yields or to ward off 
E splicing of plant or animal genes into the DNA of other species, for either the improvement of crop yields or to ward off

This sentence is about the STEPS/PROCESS of genetic engineering (a process performed by people); as a result, the emphasis is also on the PROCESS of splicing genes, so, the –ING form is acceptable.
“THE splicing” is also acceptable, although it loses this notion of being process-oriented.

A: “getting verbed” is not formally acceptable.
B: this is not accurate. The process doesn’t involve “genes that get spliced”; it involves the process of splicing them.

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