新托�？荚囬喿x新老題型大起底

新托福閱讀考試中偶爾會(huì)出現(xiàn)的“新題型”往往會(huì)令許多考生感到茫然和恐慌，不過(guò)新托�？荚嚸麕熣J(rèn)為大家對(duì)“新題型”完全沒(méi)必要害怕，下面名師就將給我們?cè)敿?xì)分析新托福閱讀考試OG中沒(méi)出現(xiàn)的各種“新題型”。

　　這些題型其實(shí)是新托福考試自從誕生之日起，就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了的題型，但是由于ETS的官方指南一直沒(méi)有將這部分題型列入其中，因此是等到“新托福突破口——TPO”出現(xiàn)之后，才慢慢被人們知曉的，在這之前，只有傳言，但是都是捕風(fēng)捉影。話不多說(shuō)，妙文開(kāi)始!

　　新托�？荚嘜G列出了閱讀的10種題型：

　　1. Factual information questions (純粹細(xì)節(jié))

　　2. Negative factual information questions (否定細(xì)節(jié))

　　3. Inference questions (推理題)

　　4. Rhetorical purpose questions (修辭目的題)

　　5. Vocabulary questions (詞匯題)

　　6. Reference questions (指代題)

　　7. Sentence simplification questions (句子簡(jiǎn)化題)

　　8. Insert text question (句子插入題)

　　9. Prose summary (內(nèi)容摘要題)

　　10. Fill in a table (表格歸類(lèi)題)

　　但實(shí)際上，新托�？荚囬喿x當(dāng)中還考了一些OG中沒(méi)列舉出來(lái)的題目：

　　一.段間關(guān)系概括題：這種題目要求考生概括出2個(gè)自然段間的邏輯關(guān)系。比如說(shuō)《THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION》這篇文章的第6題。

　　6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between Paragraph2 and Paragraph3?

　　?Paragraph2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in Paragraph3

　　?Paragraph2 poses several questions, and Paragraph3offers a possible answer to one of them

　　?Paragraph2 presents outdated traditional views, while Paragraph3presents the current scientific conclusions.

　　?Paragraph2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in Paragraph3

　　二.修辭手法題：這種題目是修辭目的的變體。OG中大多數(shù)題目只考察一個(gè)詞組的修辭目的，而實(shí)際考試會(huì)對(duì)一句話甚至整段話的修辭目的進(jìn)行考察。一個(gè)是考修辭對(duì)象，一個(gè)是考修辭的手段。比如說(shuō)，《Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction》這篇文章第2題：

　　2. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?

　　○To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record

　　○To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous

　　○To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous

　　○To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster

　　三.段落結(jié)構(gòu)題：這里題目考查的是文章段落的構(gòu)架，可以算是新題型。比如：《THE ORIGINS OF THEATER》這篇文章的第9題，

　　9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?

　　○The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.

　　○The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.

　　○The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.

　　○The author points out problems with two popular theories.

　　四. 段落主題題：這種題目考查的是整個(gè)段落的主題，可以說(shuō)是老托福段落主題題的延續(xù)：

　　比如《Petroleum Resources》這篇文章的12題：

　　12.In paragraph 6, the author’s primary purpose is to

　　○Provide examples of how oil exploration can endanger the environment

　　○Describe accidents that have occurred when oil activities were in progress

　　○Give an analysis of the effects of oil spills on the environment

　　○Explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spills

　　五. 雙選題：其實(shí)不僅僅在聽(tīng)力考試之中有雙選題，閱讀考試之中也是有雙選題的，只是ETS有可能覺(jué)得這點(diǎn)并不重要，因此沒(méi)有通知偶們，例子請(qǐng)見(jiàn)：《The Geologic History of the Mediterranean》這篇文章第5題。

　　5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit you must select TWO answers.

　　○Volcanic rock fragments.

　　○This silt layers

　　○Soft, deep-sea mud

　　○Crystalline salt

　　以及《THE RISE OF TEOTIHUACAN》這篇文章第11題：

　　11. Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted immigrants to the city. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.

　　○The prosperity of the elite

　　○Plenty of available housing

　　○Opportunities for well-paid agricultural employment

　　○The presence of one or more religious shrines

　　除此以外，OG對(duì)于新托�？荚囬喿x題型的呈現(xiàn)方法也與真實(shí)考試有一定距離，如：

　　一.細(xì)節(jié)題的閱讀跨度：OG中大多數(shù)題目只考一段，但是實(shí)際考試會(huì)有一道題目考2段、甚至是3段的情況。比如《GROUNDWATER》這篇文章的第10題：

　　10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?

　　○It is unusually solid

　　○It often has high porosity.

　　○It has a low proportion of empty space.

　　○It is highly permeable.

　　二.句子改寫(xiě)題的句子復(fù)雜性：真實(shí)考題比OG中的句子改寫(xiě)題要長(zhǎng)很多，而且邏輯關(guān)系也更復(fù)雜。

　　三.指代題：OG指代題考得不少，真實(shí)考試指代題考得很少。

　　四.選項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)度:真題的選項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)度長(zhǎng)很多。

　　五.細(xì)節(jié)題題干關(guān)鍵字沒(méi)有在原文直接給出。這讓考生定位細(xì)節(jié)難度大幅度增加。不過(guò)說(shuō)句公道話，其實(shí)在老托�？荚嚲鸵呀�(jīng)這樣了，并不是在新托�？荚囍�中獨(dú)有的。比如《Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer》這篇文章的第11題。

　　11.Paragraph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?

　　○Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.

　　○Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.

　　○Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.

　　○Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.

　　六. 文章的復(fù)雜程度：這個(gè)也不用說(shuō)了，OG的文章結(jié)構(gòu)性非常明顯，就好像看CCAV的新聞聯(lián)播一樣;真實(shí)考試的文章結(jié)構(gòu)糾結(jié)多了，就好像看本屆世界杯一樣。比如：《The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems》和《Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast》這兩篇文章。

　　新托�？荚囬喿x部分其實(shí)并不存在真的所謂“新題型”，這些題型也是有規(guī)律可循的，考生們?cè)趥淇紩r(shí)多加注意就沒(méi)什么值得害怕的。