托福閱讀中的四種常見邏輯關(guān)系

第一種因果關(guān)系
　　因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with
　　果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly
　　因果關(guān)系除了傳統(tǒng)意義上的顯性因果表達詞外，隱性的因果同樣是不可忽略的一個重要部分。
　　隱性因果：
　　A 導致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for
　　如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.
　　在這段話中，有l(wèi)ead to, 表示了導致的意思，即結(jié)果; 而so that 更進一步表示了后面的結(jié)果，所以可以充分判定這段話有因果關(guān)系的邏輯。
　　B 由…而來(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to
　　如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.”
　　在這段話中，根據(jù)result from可以推斷出有因果關(guān)系，那如果是解釋句子題時，選項中有因果關(guān)系就可以優(yōu)先考慮。
　　C 反映，體現(xiàn)(果-因): reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show
　　This result demonstrates that…中華考試網(wǎng)
　　D 考慮到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to
　　He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.
　　E 依賴于: rely on, depend on, resort to,
　　He resorted to books when he had problems.
　　F 條件關(guān)系：when, once, as soon as, as long as
　　As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.
　　G 分詞短語，不定式做狀語
　　Failing in the final exam, she cried.

　　第二種對比轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
　　A 對比：while, whereas, on the other hand
　　在解釋句子題，插入句子題中，一旦出現(xiàn)對比關(guān)系，學生在掌握的基礎(chǔ)上就能非�？焖俚呐卸ň溟g和句內(nèi)的關(guān)系。While, whereas 前后連接的是平行結(jié)構(gòu)，on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用來把握句間關(guān)系。
　　B 轉(zhuǎn)折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

　　第三種比較關(guān)系
　　A 同級比較 as…as
　　B 比較級：more…than, -er than, less…than
　　C 變化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop,progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain
　　D 差異：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to
　　E 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over
　　F 最高級
　　1)本身有最高級含義：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top
　　2) 本身程度比較深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high
　　3) 否定+比較=最高級
　　No one is more outstanding than him.
　　從這句話中可以看出，否定加比較表示的是一種最高級關(guān)系。

　　第四種否定關(guān)系
　　顯性否定：no, not, never, nor, none neither
　　隱形否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of
　　否定前綴：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-
　　否定前綴是詞匯題中經(jīng)常出的一個考點，把握否定前綴可以幫助考生把握一些生詞，依靠否定前綴對選項進行一個排除。
　　雙重否定：not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable
　　雙重否定是英文中經(jīng)常運用的表達方式，由于在平時中文對話中用的很少，隨意對雙重否定的把握就顯得特別的重要。

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